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See also:ANDRASSY, See also:JULIUS (GyuLA), See also:COUNT (1823—1890) , Hungarian statesman, the son of Count Karoly Andrassy and Etelka Szapary, was See also:born at Kassa in See also:Hungary on the 8th of See also:March 1823. The son of a Liberal See also:father, who belonged to the Opposition at a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time when to be in opposition was to be in danger, Andrassy at a very See also:early See also:age threw himself into the See also:political struggles of the See also:day, adopting at the outset the patriotic See also:side. Count Istvan See also:Szechenyi was the first adequately to appreciate his capacity, when in 1845 the See also:young See also:man first began his public career as See also:president of the society for the regulation of the See also:waters of the Upper See also:Theiss. In 1846 he attracted See also:attention by his See also:bitter articles against the See also:government in See also:Kossuth's See also:paper, the Pesti Hirlap, and was returned as one of the See also:Radical candidates to the See also:diet of 1848, where his generous, impulsive nature made him one of the most thorough-going of the patriots. When the Croats under See also:Jellachich invaded Hungary, Andrassy placed himself at the See also:head of the gentry of his See also:county, and served with distinction at the battles of Pakozd and See also:Schwechat, as See also:Gorgei's See also:adjutant (See also:Sept. 1848). Towards the end of the See also:war Andrassy was sent to See also:Constantinople by the revolutionary government to obtain at least the See also:neutrality of See also:Turkey during the struggle. After the See also:catastrophe of Vilag&s he migrated first to See also:London and then to See also:Paris. On the 21st of See also:September 1851 he was hanged in effigy by the See also:Austrian government for his See also:share in the Hungarian revolt. He employed his ten years of See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile in studying politics in what was then the centre of See also:European See also:diplomacy, and it is memorable that his keen See also:eye detected the inherent weakness of the second See also:French See also:empire beneath its imposing exterior. Andrassy returned See also:home from exile in 1858, but his position was very difficult. He had never petitioned for an See also:amnesty, steadily rejected all the overtures both of the Austrian government and of the Magyar Conservatives (who would have accepted something See also:short of full See also:autonomy), and clung enthusiastically to the See also:Deak party. On the 21st of See also:December 1865 he was chosen See also:vice-president of the diet, and in March 1866 became president of the sub-See also:committee appointed by the See also:parliamentary See also:commission to draw up the See also:Composition (commonly known as the Ausgieich) between See also:Austria and Hungary, of which the central See also:idea, that of the " Delegations," originated with him. It was said at that time that he was the only member of the commission who could persuade the See also:court of the See also:justice of the See also:national claims. After See also:Koniggratz he was formally consulted by the See also:emperor for the first time. He advised the re-See also:establishment of the constitution and the See also:appointment of a responsible See also:ministry.
On the 17th of See also:February 1867 the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king appointed him the first constitutional Hungarian premier. It was on this occasion that Dealt called him " the providential statesman given to Hungary by the See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace of See also:God." As premier, Andrassy by his firmness, amiability and dexterity as a debater, soon won for himself a commanding position. Yet his position continued to be difficult, inasmuch as the authority of Deak dwarfed that of all the party leaders, however eminent. Andrassy See also:chose for himself the departments of war and See also:foreign affairs. It was he who reorganized the Honved See also:system, and he used often to say that the regulation
of the military border districts was the most difficult labour of his See also:life. On the outbreak of the Franco-See also:German War of 187o, Andrassy resolutely defended the neutrality of the Austrian See also:monarchy, and in his speech on the 28th of See also:July 187o warmly protested against the See also:assumption that it was in the interests of Austria to seek to recover the position she had held in See also:Germany before 1863. On the fall of Beust (6th of See also:November 1871), Andrassy stepped into his See also:place. His See also:tenure of the chancellorship was See also:epoch-making. Hitherto the empire of the Habsburgs had never been able to dissociate itself from its See also:Holy See also:Roman traditions. But its loss of See also:influence in See also:Italy and Germany, and the consequent formation of the Dual See also:State, had at length indicated the proper, and, indeed, the only See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field for its diplomacy in the future—the near See also:East, where the See also:process of the See also:crystallization of the See also:Balkan peoples into nationalities was still incomplete. The question was whether these nationalities were to be allowed to become See also:independent or were only to See also:exchange the tyranny of the See also:sultan for the tyranny of the See also:tsar. Hitherto Austria had been content either to keep out the Russians or share the See also:booty with them. She was now, moreover, in consequence of her misfortunes deprived of most of her influence in the See also:councils of See also:Europe. It was Andrassy who recovered for her her proper place in the European See also:concert. First he approached the German emperor; then more friendly relations were established with the courts of Italy and See also:Russia by means of conferences at See also:Berlin, See also:Vienna, St See also:Petersburg and See also:Venice.
The recovered influence of Austria was evident in the negotiations which followed the outbreak of serious disturbances in
Bosnia in 1875. The three courts of Vienna, Berlin The "An- and St Petersburg had come to an understanding drh
e
No
te." ." as to their attitude in the Eastern question, and No
their views were embodied in the despatch, known as the " Andrassy See also:Note," addressed on the 3oth of December 1895 by Count Andrassy to Count Beust, now Austrian See also:ambassador to the court of St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James's. In it he pointed out that the efforts of the See also:powers to localize the revolt seemed in danger of failure, that the rebels were still holding their own, and that the See also:Ottoman promises of reform, em-bodied in various firmans, were no more than vague statements of principle which had never had, and were probably not intended to have, any See also:local application. In See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to avert the See also:risk of a See also:general conflagration, therefore, he urged that the time had come for concerted See also:action of the powers for the purpose of pressing the See also:Porte to fulfil its promises. A See also:sketch of the more essential reforms followed: the recognition rather than the See also:toleration of the See also:Christian See also:religion; the abolition of the system of farming the taxes; and, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the religious was complicated by an agrarian question, the See also:conversion of the Christian peasants into See also:free proprietors, to See also:- RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)
rescue them from their See also:double subjection to the See also:great Mussulman landowners.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina also elected provincial councils were to be established, irremovable See also:judges appointed and individual See also:liberty guaranteed. Finally, a mixed commission of Mussulmans and Christians was to be empowered to See also:watch over the carrying out of these reforms. The fact that the sultan would be responsible to Europe for the realization of his promises would serve to allay the natural suspicions of the insurgents.'
To this See also:plan both Great See also:Britain and See also:France gave a general assent, and the Andrassy Note was adopted as the basis of negotiations. When war became inevitable between Russia and the Porte, Andrassy arranged with the See also:Russian court that, in See also:case Russia prevailed, the status quo should not be changed to the detriment of the Austrian monarchy. When, however, the treaty of See also:San Stefano threatened a Russian See also:hegemony in the near East, Andrassy concurred with the German and See also:British courts that the final See also:adjustment of matters must be submitted to a European See also:congress. At the Berlin Congress in 1878 he was the See also:principal Austrian plenipotentiary, and directed his efforts to diminish the gains of Russia and aggrandize the Dual Monarchy. The latter See also:object was gained by the occupation of B osnia-Herzegovina under a See also:mandate from the congress. This occupation was most unpopular
' Hertslet, See also:Map of Europe by Treaty, No. 456, vol. iv. p. 2418.
in Hungary, both for See also:financial reasons and because of the strong See also:philo-Turk sentiments of the See also:Magyars, but the result brilliantly justified Andrassy's policy. Nevertheless he See also:felt constrained to See also:bow before the See also:storm, and placed his resignation in the emperor's hands (8th of See also:October 1879). The day before his retirement he signed the offensive-defensive See also:alliance with Germany, which placed the foreign relations of Austria-Hungary once more on a See also:stable footing.
After his retirement, Andrassy continued to take an active See also:part in public affairs both in the Delegations and in the Upper See also:House. In 1885 he warmly supported the project for the reform of the House of Magnates, but on the other See also:hand he jealously defended the inviolability of the Composition of 1867, and on the 5th of March 1889 in his place in the Upper House spoke against any particularist tampering with the See also:common See also:army. In the last years of his life he regained his popularity, and his See also:death on the 18th of February 1890 was universally mourned as a national calamity. He was the first Magyar statesman who, for centuries, had occupied a European position. Breadth of view, See also:swift resourcefulness, and an intimate knowledge of men and things were his distinguishing qualities as a statesman. Personally he was the most amiable of men; it has been well said that he See also:united in himself the Magyar See also:magnate with the See also:modern See also:gentleman. His See also:motto was: " It is hard to promise, but it is easy to perform." If Deak was the architect, Andrassy certainly was the See also:master-builder of the modern Hungarian state.
By his wife, the countess Katinka Kendeffy, whom he married in Paris in 1856, Count Andrassy See also:left two sons, and one daughter, Ilona (b. 1859), who married Count Lajos See also:Batthyany. Both the sons gained distinction in Hungarian politics. The eldest, Tivador (See also:Theodore) Andreas (b. loth of July 1857), was elected vice-president of the See also:Lower House of the Hungarian See also:parliament in 1890. The younger, Gyula (Julius, b. 3oth of See also:June 186o), became under-secretary in the See also:Wekerle ministry in 1892; in 1893 he became See also:minister of See also:education, and in June 1894 was appointed minister in attendance on the king, retiring in 1895 with Wekerle; in 1898, with his See also:elder See also:brother, he left the Liberal party, but returned to it again after the fall of the See also:Banffy ministry; he is the 'author of Ungarns Ausgleich mit Osterreich vom Jahre 1867 (Ger. ed., See also:Leipzig, 1897), and a See also:work in Hungarian on the origins of the Hungarian state and constitution (See also:Budapest, 19o1).
See Andrassy's Speeches (Hung.) edited by See also:Bela Lederer (Buda-pest, 1891); Memoir (Hung.) by See also:Benjamin See also:Kallay (Budapest, 1891); See also:Necrology (Hung.) in the Akad. ErtesitO, Evf. 14 (Budapest, 1891); Recollections of Count Andrassy (Hung.), by See also:Mann K6nyi (Budapest, 1891). (R. N.
End of Article: ANDRASSY, JULIUS (GyuLA), COUNT (1823—1890)
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