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CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS
Online EncyclopediaOriginally appearing in Volume
V06,
Page 403
of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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See also: CIVILIS, See also:CLAUDIUS , or more correctly, JuLlus, See also:leader of the Batavian revolt against See also:Rome (A.D. 69-70). He was twice imprisoned on a See also:charge of See also:rebellion, and narrowly escaped See also:execution. During the disturbances that followed the See also:death of See also:Nero, he took up arms under pretence of siding with See also:Vespasian and induced the inhabitants of his native See also:country to See also:rebel. The Batavians, who had rendered valuable aid under the See also:early emperors, had been well treated in See also:order to attach them to the cause of Rome. They were exempt from See also:tribute, but were obliged to See also:supply a large number of men for the See also:army, and the See also:burden of See also:conscription and the oppressions of provincial See also:governors were important incentives to revolt. The Batavians were immediately joined by several neighbouring See also:German tribes, the most important of whom were the See also:Frisians. The See also:Roman garrisons near the See also:Rhine were driven out, and twenty-four See also:ships captured. Two legions under See also:Mummius Lupercus were defeated at Castra Vetera (near the See also:modern Xanten) and surrounded. Eight cohorts of Batavian veterans joined their countrymen, and the troops sent by Vespasian to the See also:relief of Vetera threw in their See also:lot with them. The result of these accessions to the forces of Civilis was a rising in See also:Gaul. Hordeonius See also:Flaccus was murdered by his troops (7o), and the whole of the Roman forces were induced by two commanders of the Gallic auxiliaries—Julius Classicus and See also:Julius Tutor—to revolt from Rome and join Civilis.The whole of Gaul thus practically declared itself See also: independent, and the See also:foundation of a new See also:kingdom of Gaul was contemplated. The prophetess Vellleda predicted the See also:complete success of Civilis and the fall of the Roman See also:Empire. But disputes See also:broke out amongst the different tribes and rendered co-operation impossible; Vespasian, having successfully ended the See also:civil See also:war, called upon Civilis to See also:lay down his arms, and on his refusal resolved to take strong See also:measures for the suppression of the revolt. The arrival of Petillius Cerialis with a strong force awed the Gauls and mutinous troops into submission; Civilis was defeated at See also:Augusta Treverorum (See also:Trier, Tresses) and Vetera, and forced to withdraw to the See also:island of the Batavians. He finally came to an agreement with Cerialis whereby his country-men obtained certain advantages, and resumed amicable relations with Rome. From this See also:time Civilis disappears from See also:history. The See also:chief authority for the history of the insurrection is See also:Tacitus, Historiae, iv., v., whose See also:account breaks off at the beginning of Civilis's speech to Cerialis; see also See also:Josephus, Bellum Judaicum, vii. 4. There is a monograph by E. See also:Meyer, Der Freiheitskrieg der Bataver unter Civilis (1856) ; see also See also:Merivale, Hist. of the See also:Romans under the Empire, ch. 58; H. See also:Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Xaiserzeit, bk. ii. ch. z, § 54 (1883).Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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