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See also:NECKAM, See also:ALEXANDER (1157-1217) , See also:English schoolman
there are See also:groups of necks lying in a straight or sinuous See also:line, which may indicate the position of a fracture or at least of a line of least resistance. But in See also:Scotland it is often impossible to adduce any See also:evidence of the connexion between faults or fissures and the position of volcanic necks; and it seems likely that the pressure of the gases in the igneous magma increased till an See also:explosion took See also:place which perforated the rocks above with a clean tubular passage often nearly circular in See also:cross See also:section. This See also:pipe was usually See also:vertical, and nearly See also:uniform in See also:diameter for See also:great depths; the material occupying it, when exposed by denudation, has a circular ground See also:plan, or if shown in vertical section (or See also:elevation) in a cliff is a See also:pillar-shaped See also:mass See also:crossing the bedding planes of the strata nearly at right angles. It terminates upwards in the remains of the volcanic See also:cone and communicates below with the See also:reservoir from which the lavas were emitted, represented in most cases, where it has been exposed, by a large irregular mass (a batholitl or See also:boss) of coarsely crystalline igneous See also:rock. The site of such a See also:neck is generally indicated by a See also:low conical See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill consisting of volcanic rock, surrounded by sedimentary or igneous strata of a differ ent See also:kind. The low cone is due to the greater hardness and strength of the volcanic materials and is not connected with the See also:original shape of the See also:volcano. Such hills are See also:common in some parts of Scotland and well-known examples are See also:Arthur's Seat and the See also:Castle Rock (See also:Edinburgh), See also:North See also:Berwick See also:Law, the See also:Bass Rock; they occur also in the See also:Peak See also:district of See also:Derbyshire, and the See also:Wolf Rock off the See also:coast of See also:Cornwall is probably a neck. Two splendid See also:sugar-See also:loaf cones known as the Pitons of St See also:Lucia in the See also:West Indies, rising from the See also:sea with almost vertical sides to a height of nearly 3000 ft., are old volcanic necks. In See also:Texas, New See also:Mexico, See also:Arizona, See also:California and many of the western states of North See also:America geologists have observed conical volcanic hills having all the features which belong to necks.
Where the volcanic rocks are soft and easily disintegrated they may be reduced more rapidly than the strata around them and the position of a neck may be indicated by a See also:cup-shaped hollow; this is the See also:case with some of the See also:diamond-bearing basic pipes of See also:South See also:Africa. Sometimes necks are encountered in underground See also:mining operations; in the See also:coal-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of See also:Fife, for instance, the coals are sometimes replaced by a circular mass of volcanic rock, a See also:quarter of a mile or more in diameter, which rise vertically to the See also:surface. Better examples are the See also:Kimberley diamond mines. The See also:blue-ground (or See also:serpentine See also:breccia) occupies great pipes or funnels, circular in outline with nearly vertical sides, extending downwards to unknown depths; these are undoubtedly the necks of old volcanoes. If any lavas were poured out from these pipes at the surface they have since been carried away by denudation.
The See also:size of necks varies considerably; the smallest may be only 20 or 30 yds. in diameter, the largest are several See also:miles. In this respect they resemble active craters, but no necks have been met with on the See also:earth's surface with dimensions approaching those of the so-called " craters " of the See also:- MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
- MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)
moon. Small necks are usually See also:simple, i.e. they contain only one or two kinds of igneous rock (ashes and dikes) and have been produced, so far as we can See also:judge, by a single eruption. Not infrequently they contain no volcanic rock but are filled with pieces of See also:slate, See also:sandstone or whatever strata the pipe traverses. Such necks must have been produced by a single eruption with an outburst of See also:steam, not followed by See also:lava; the disrupted fragments of the surrounding rocks and the materials tumbling down from the See also:crater's walls ultimately filled up the cavity. Instances occur in Fifeshire and in See also:Shetland, and among the See also:recent volcanoes of the Eiffel there are some which have thrown out more slate and sandstone than lava.
Large necks, on the other See also:hand, are often of complex structure, contain many kinds of rock and seem to have been produced by repeated eruptions, each of which more or less completely cleared out the material obstructing the orifice, and introduced a See also:series of fresh accumulations. The beds of ashes which line the interior of an active crater have in nearly all cases a slope or See also:dip towards a central point where the See also:base of the depression is situated, and in volcanic necks which have been filled with ash (tuffs and agglomerates) this See also:funnel-like inward dip is very See also:constant. If there has been only a single eruption the beds of ashes have a very conformable or uniform arrangement, but if activity has been resumed after a See also:period of quiescence a large See also:part of the old material may have been projected and a new series of beds laid down, transgressing unconformably the edges of the earlier ones. By these structures we can sometimes trace a neck within a neck, or of a lateral crater on the margin of a See also:principal one.
Where the crater has filled up with very coarse ashes, or See also:agglomerate, the bedding is rarely visible. Sometimes large empty craters were occupied temporarily by lakes, and level sheets of mud and silt have gathered on their floors: hence bedded sediments are not infrequently found in volcanic necks. Mixed with the volcanic ashes and bombs there are often large broken pieces of sedimentary rocks which may have been crystallized and hardened by the See also:heat and vapours emitted by the volcano. Sometimes great fragments of the walls have foundered or collapsed into the crater, and masses of non-volcanic rock, an See also:acre or more in extent, may occur in a volcanic neck. In See also:Arran, for example, there is a large neck which contains lumps of Cretaceous rocks nowhere else known to occur on the See also:island ; theyand See also:man of See also:science, was See also:born at St Albans in See also:September 1157, on the same See also:night as See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Richard I. Neckam's See also:mother nursed the See also:prince with her own son, who thus became Richard's See also:foster-See also:brother. He was educated at St Albans See also:Abbey school, and began to See also:teach as schoolmaster of See also:Dunstable, dependent on St Albans Abbey. Later he resided several years in See also:Paris, where by 118o he had become a distinguished lecturer of the university. By 1186 he was back in See also:England, where he again held the place of schoolmaster at Dunstable. He is said to have visited See also:Italy with the See also:bishop of See also:Worcester, but this statement has been doubted; the assertion that he was ever See also:prior of St See also:Nicolas, See also:Exeter, seems a See also:mistake: on the other hand, he was certainly much at See also:court during some part of his See also:life. Having become an Augustinian See also:canon, he was appointed See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot of See also:Cirencester in 1213. He died at Kempsey in See also:Worcestershire in 1217, and was buried at Worcester. Besides See also:theology he was interested in the study of See also:grammar and natural See also:history, but his name is chiefly associated with nautical science. For in his De naturis rerum and De utensilibus (the former of which, at any See also:rate, had become well known at the end of the 12th See also:century, and was probably written about 118o) Neckam has preserved to us the earliest See also:European notices of the magnet as a See also:guide to See also:seamen—outside See also:China, indeed, these seem to be the earliest notices of this See also:mystery of nature that have survived in any See also:country or See also:civilization. It was probably in Paris, the See also:chief intellectual centre of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, that Neckam heard how a See also:ship, among its other stores, must have a See also:needle placed above a magnet (the De utensilibus assumes a needle mounted on a See also:pivot), which needle would revolve until its point looked north, and thus guide sailors in murky See also:weather or on starless nights. It is noteworthy that Neckam has no See also:air of imparting a startling novelty: he merely records what had apparently become the See also:regular practice of at least many seamen of the See also:Catholic See also:world.
See See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Wright's edition of Neckam's De naturis rerum and De laudibus divinae sapientiae in the Rolls Series (1863), and of the De utensilibus in his See also:Volume of Vocabularies. Neckam also wrote Corrogationes Promethei, a scriptural commentary prefaced by a See also:treatise on grammatical See also:criticism; a See also:translation of See also:Aesop into Latin elegiacs (six fables from this version, as given in a Paris MS., are printed in See also:Robert's Fables inedites) ; commentaries, still unprinted, on portions • of See also:Aristotle, Martianus See also:Capella and See also:Ovid's See also:Meta-morphoses, and other See also:works. Of all these the De nat. rer., a sort of See also:manual of the scientific knowledge of the 12th century, is much the most important: the magnet passage herein is in See also:book ii. See also:chap. xeviii. (De vi attractive), p. 183 of Wright's edition. The corresponding section in the De utensil, is on p. 114 of the Vol. of Vocabs.
See also:Roger See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon's reference to Neckam as a grammatical writer (in multis See also:vera et utilia scripsit: sed .. . inter auctores non potest . . nunzerari) may be found in See also:Brewer's (Rolls Series) edition of Bacon's See also:Opera inedita, p. 457. See also Thomas Wright, Biographia Britannica literaria, Anglo-See also:Norman Period, pp. 449–459 (1846: some points in this are modified in the 1863 edition of De nat. rer.); C. See also:Raymond Beazley, See also:Dawn of See also:Modern See also:Geography, iii. 508-509.
(C. R.
End of Article: NECKAM, ALEXANDER (1157-1217)
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