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criticism and philological inquiries. Such studies, however, were pursued without any definite aim or systematic arrangement, and consequently were productive of nothing. In 1752, constrained to secure some position in the See also:

WORLD

world, he accepted a tutorship in a See also:

FAMILY

family See also:

RESIDENT

resident in See also:

LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia, but only retained it a few months. A similar situation in See also:

COURLAND, or KURLAND

Courland he also resigned after about a See also:

YEAR

year. In both cases apparently the rupture might be traced to the curious and unsatisfactory character of Hamann himself. After leaving his second See also:

POST

post he was received into the See also:

house of a See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant at See also:

RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

Riga named Johann Christoph Behrens, who contracted a See also:

GREAT

great friendship for him and selected him as his See also:

COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion for a tour through See also:

DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig, See also:

Berlin, See also:

HAMBURG

Hamburg, See also:

Amsterdam and See also:

LONDON

London. Hamann, however, was quite unfitted for business, and when See also:

LEFT

left in London, gave himself up entirely to his fancies, and was quickly reduced to a See also:

state of extreme poverty and want.

It was at this See also:

period of his life, when his inner troubles of spirit harmonized with the unhappy See also:

EXTERNAL

external conditions of his See also:

lot, that he began an See also:

EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest and prolonged study of the See also:

Bible; and from this time See also:

DATES

dates the See also:

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of extreme See also:

PIETISM

pietism which is characteristicof his writings, and which undoubtedly alienated many of his See also:

friends. He returned to Riga, and was well received by the Behrens family, in whose house he resided for some time. A See also:

QUARREL

quarrel, the precise nature of which is not very clear though the occasion is evident, led to an entire separation from these friends. In 1759 Hamann returned to Konigsberg, and lived for several years with his See also:

FATHER

father, filling occasional posts in Konigsberg and See also:

MITAU (Russian, Mitava; Lettish, Yelgava)

Mitau. In 1767 he obtained a situation as translator in the See also:

EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and ten years later a post as storekeeper in a See also:

MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile house. During this period of See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest Hamann was able to indulge in the See also:

long See also:

correspondence with learned friends which seems to have been his greatest See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure. In 1784 the failure of some commercial speculations greatly reduced his means, and about the same time he was dismissed with a small See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension from his situation. The kindness of friends, however, supplied See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for his See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and enabled him to carry out the long-cherished wish of visiting some of his philosophical See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies. He spent some time with See also:

Jacobi at Pempelfort and with See also:

BUCHHOLZ

Buchholz at Walbergen. At the latter See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place he was seized with illness, and died on the 21st of See also:

JUNE

June 1788. Hamann's See also:

WORKS

works resemble his life and character. They are entirely unsystematic so far as See also:

MATTER

matter is concerned, chaotic and disjointed in See also:

style.

To a reader not acquainted with the peculiar nature of the See also:

man, which led him to regard what commended itself to him as therefore objectively true, they must be, moreover, entirely unintelligible and, from their peculiar, pietistic tone and scriptural See also:

JARGON

jargon, probably offensive. A place in the See also:

HISTORY

history of See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy can be yielded to Hamann only because he expresses in uncouth, barbarous fashion an See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea to which other writers have given more effective shape. The fundamental thought is with him the unsatisfactoriness of See also:

ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

abstraction or one-sidedness. The Aufkldrung, with its rational See also:

THEOLOGY

theology, was to him the type of abstraction. Even Epicureanism, which might appear See also:

concrete, was by him rightly designated abstract. Quite naturally, then, Hamann is led to See also:

OBJECT

object strongly to much of the Kantian philosophy. The separation of sense and understanding is for him unjustifiable, and only paralleled by the extraordinary blunder of severing matter and See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form. Concreteness, therefore, is the one demand which Hamann expresses, and as representing his own thought he used to refer to See also:

GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano See also:

Bruno's conception (previously held by Nicolaus Curanus) of the identity of contraries. The demand, however, remains but a demand. Nothing that Hamann has given can be regarded as in the slightest degree a response to it. His hatred of See also:

SYSTEM

system, incapacity for abstract thinking, and intense See also:

PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality rendered it impossible for him to do more than utter the disjointed, oracular, obscure dicta which gained for him among his friends the name of " Magus of the See also:

North." Two results only appear throughout his writings first, the accentuation of belief ; and secondly, the transference of many philosophical difficulties to See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language. Belief is, according to Hamann, the groundwork of knowledge, and he accepts in all sincerity See also:

Hume's See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of experience as being most helpful in constructing a theological view.

In language, which he appears to regard as somehow acquired, he finds a See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution for the problems of See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason which See also:

KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant had discussed in the Kritik der reinen Vernunft. On the application of these thoughts to the See also:

Christian theology one need not enter. None of Hamann's writings is of great bulk; most are See also:

mere See also:

PAMPHLETS

pamphlets of some See also:

THIRTY

thirty or See also:

FORTY

forty pages. A See also:

COMPLETE

complete collection has been published by F. See also:

ROTH, JUSTUS LUDWIG ADOLF (1818-1892)

Roth (Schriften, 8vo, 1821–1842), and by C. H. Gildemeister (Leben and Schriften, 6 vols., 1851–1873). See also M. Petri, Hamanns Schriften u. Briefe, 4 vols., 1872–1873) ; J. See also:

POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe], Hamann, der Magus See also:

IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im See also:

Norden, sein Leben u. Mitteilungen aus seinen Schriften (2 vols., 1874–1876) ; J.

Claassen, Hamanns Leben and Werke (1885). Also H. See also:

Weber, Neue Hamanniana (1905). A very comprehensive See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on Hamann is to be found in See also:

HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel's Vermischte Schriften, ii. (Werke, Bd. xvii.). On Hamann's See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on German literature, see J. See also:

Minor, J. G. Hamann in seiner Bedeutung See also:

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur See also:

die See also:

Sturm- and Drang-Periode (1881).

End of Article: HAMANN, JOHANN GEORG (1730—1788)

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