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BUKOVINA

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 771 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BUKOVINA , a duchy and crownland of See also:

Austria, bounded E. by See also:Russia and See also:Rumania, S. by Rumania, W. by Transylvania and See also:Hungary, and N. by See also:Galicia. See also:Area, 4035 sq. m. The See also:country, especially in its See also:southern parts, is occupied by the offshoots of the Carpathians, which attain in the Giumaleu an See also:altitude of 61oo ft. The See also:principal passes are the Radna Pass and the Borgo Pass. With the exception of the See also:Dniester, which skirts its See also:northern border, Bukovina belongs to the See also:watershed of the See also:Danube. The principal See also:rivers are the Pruth, and the Sereth with its affluents the See also:Suczawa, the Moldava and the Bistritza. The See also:climate of Bukovina is healthy but severe, especially in See also:winter; but it is generally milder than that of Galicia, the mean See also:annual temperature at See also:Czernowitz being 46.9° F. No less than 43.17 % of the See also:total area is occupied by woodland, and the very name of the country is derived from the abundance of See also:beech trees. Of the See also:remainder 27.59 % is occupied by arable See also:land, 12.68% by meadows, 10.09% by pastures and o.78 % by gardens. The See also:soil of Bukovina is fertile, and See also:agriculture has made See also:great progress, the principal products being See also:wheat, See also:maize, See also:rye, oats, See also:barley, potatoes, See also:flax and See also:hemp. See also:Cattle-rearing constitutes another important source of See also:revenue. The principal See also:mineral is See also:salt, which is extracted at the mine of Kaczyka, belonging to the See also:government.

See also:

Brewing, distilling and miffing are the See also:chief See also:industries. See also:Commerce is mostly in the hands of the See also:Jews and Armenians, and chiefly confined to raw products, such as agricultural produce, cattle, See also:wool and See also:wood. Bukovina had in 1900 a See also:population of 729,921, which is See also:equivalent to 181 inhabitants per sq. m. According to See also:nationality, over 40% were Ruthenians, 35% Rumanians, 13 % Jews, and the remainder was composed of Germans, Poles, Hungarians, Russians and Armenians. The See also:official See also:language of the See also:administration, of the See also:law-courts, and of instruction in the university is See also:German. Nearly 70% of the population belong to the See also:Greek Orthodox See also:Church, and stand under the ecclesiastical See also:jurisdiction of the See also:archbishop or See also:metropolitan of Czernowitz. To the See also:Roman See also:Catholic Church belong 11%, to the Greek See also:United Church 3.25%, while 2.5% are Protestants. Elementary See also:education is improving, but, after See also:Dalmatia, Bukovina still shows the largest number of illiterates in Austria. The See also:local See also:diet, of which the archbishop of Czernowitz and the See also:rector of the university are members ex officio, is composed of 31 members, and Bukovina sends 14 deputies to the Reichsrat at See also:Vienna. For administrative purposes, the country is divided into 9 districts and an autonomous See also:municipality, Czernowitz (pop. 69,619), the See also:capital. Other towns are Radautz (14,343), Suczawa (10,946) ,Kuczurmare (941 7) ,Kimpolung (8024) and Sereth (761o).

Bukovina was originally a See also:

part of the principality of See also:Moldavia, whose See also:ancient capital Suczawa was situated in this See also:province. It was occupied by the Russians in 1769, and by the Austrians in 1774. In 1777 the See also:Porte, under whose See also:suzerainty Moldavia was, ceded this province to Austria. It was incorporated with Galicia in a single province in 1786, but was separated from it in 1849, and made a See also:separate crownland. See Bidermann, See also:Die Bukowina unter der osterreichischenVerwaltung, 1795–1875 (See also:Lemberg, 1876).

End of Article: BUKOVINA

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