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YAROSLAVL, or YAROSLAV

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 907 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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YAROSLAVL, or YAROSLAV , a See also:government of central See also:Russia, separated from the government of See also:Moscow by the governments of See also:Vladimir and See also:Tver on the S., and having Tver and See also:Novgorod on the W., Volgoda on the N. and See also:Kostroma on the E. It is one of the smallest, but most populous and busiest, governments of See also:Great Russia; See also:area, 13,747 sq. m. It consists of a broad and shallow depression, elongated from W. to E., where the See also:Volga flows at a level of 26o to 230 ft. above the See also:sea, while the surrounding hills rise to 700 or 800 ft. In the W., especially between the Mologa and the Sheksna, the See also:country contains very many marshes and ponds, and there are See also:low and marshy tracts in the S. about Rostov. See also:Jurassic See also:clays, sandstones and sands See also:cover nearly the whole of Yaroslavl, but they are concealed almost everywhere under thick deposits of Glacial See also:boulder See also:clay, which is regarded by See also:Russian geologists as the bottom See also:moraine of the great See also:ice-cap of the Glacial See also:period. Triassic " variegated marls," widely disseminated through-out the whole of the See also:middle Volga region. undoubtedly underlie nearly all the Jurassic deposits of the government, but only a few patches emerge at the See also:surface; many See also:salt springs exist in these deposits. The Upper Carboniferous limestones See also:crop out only in the N.W. and towards the E. The See also:chief See also:mineral products are See also:bog-See also:iron ores, sulphate of See also:copper and pottery clay. See also:Peat occurs in thick beds. There are several mineral springs. The See also:soil is mostly a See also:kind of See also:loess of moderate fertility; sandy tracts are not uncommon. The See also:principal See also:river is the Volga, which traverses the government for 18o in., making a great See also:bend to the N.

The chief towns—See also:

Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Mologa, Romanovo-Berisoglyebsk, See also:Uglich and Myshkin—are situated on its See also:banks, and a brisk See also:traffic is carried on, both by the river itself and by two canals, See also:Mariinsk and Tikhvinsk, which connect it with the See also:Neva through its tributaries the Sheksna and the Mologa. Another tributary of the Volga is the Kotorost, which has many factories on its banks and is navigated, especially in See also:spring. The Kostroma flows along the E. border and is a channel for the export of See also:timber and See also:fuel. The forests, chiefly See also:fir and Scotch See also:pine, cover one-third of the area; but they are being rapidly destroyed. The See also:flora bears a See also:northern See also:stamp, owing to the presence of the See also:dwarf See also:birch, of the See also:Arctic rasp-See also:berry (Rubes arcticus), and of Linnaca borealis. The See also:average temperature at the See also:city of Yaroslavl is 4o° F. (See also:January, 6.5°; See also:July, 61.5°); the prevailing S.W. and W. winds render it moister than in central Russia. The See also:rivers remain frozen 118 to 183 days every See also:year. The See also:population, which is thoroughly Russian, numbered 1,175,900 in 1906. The government is divided into ten districts, the chief towns of which are Yaroslavl, Danilov, Lyubim, Mologa, Myshkin, Poshekhon, Romanovo-Botisoglyebsk, Rostov, Rybinsk and Uglich. Yaroslavl belongs to the manufacturing region of central Russia, but the domestic See also:character of many See also:industries permits the inhabitants to cultivate their See also:fields and also to See also:work in small factories. The peasants and See also:peasant communities own over 5,000,000 acres, or about 57°,/s of the See also:total area, of which they have acquired nearly 1,000,000 acres by See also:purchase since their emancipation in 1861; 3o% is held by private persons, and 7% by the See also:crown.

There were in 1900 1,169,000 acres (13.3 % of the total area) under cereals, the principal crops being See also:

rye, See also:wheat, oats, See also:barley and potatoes. See also:Flax is widely cultivated both for See also:linseed and fibre, and both fresh and dried vegetables are exported; Rostov enjoys a great reputation as the centre of this See also:industry. Live-stock breeding is of only less importance than See also:agriculture, and poultry is exported. Large See also:numbers find employment in the making of hardware, locks, See also:felt boots, gloves, wooden wares, pottery and metallic wares. Factories have considerably See also:developed; the principal are See also:cotton, flax and woollen See also:mills, See also:flour-mills, See also:tobacco factories, distilleries, breweries, See also:chicory See also:works, tanneries, See also:candle works, See also:petroleum refineries, machinery, chemical and match works. Rybinsk and Yaroslavl are the chief commercial centres, but Rostov, Mologa, Romanovo and Poshekhon carry on an active See also:trade in See also:corn, timber and manufactured wares. Many of the male population annually leave their homes to work all over Russia as locksmiths, masons, plasterers, waiters in restaurants, greengrocers, tailors, gardeners, carpenters, joiners, pilots, boatmen. As See also:early as the 9th See also:century the Slays had become masters of the Yaroslavl territory, which was formerly occupied bythe Finnish tribes of Vess and Merya, as also by See also:Mordvinians, Muroms and See also:Cheremisses in the S. Rostov was already in existence; but Yaroslavl, Rybinsk and Uglich begin to be mentioned in the See also:annals only in the See also:firth and 12th centuries. The See also:independent principality of Rostov was divided in the 13th century into three parts, but these were soon afterwards successively annexed to Moscow.

End of Article: YAROSLAVL, or YAROSLAV

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