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LOBACHEVSKIY, NICOLAS IVANOVICH (1793...

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 836 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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LOBACHEVSKIY, NICOLAS IVANOVICH (1793-1856)

LOBACHEVSKIY, See also:
NICOLAS
NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)
NICOLAS IVANOVICH (1793-1856) , See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian mathematician, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Makariev, Nizhniy-See also:

Novgorod, on the and of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November (N.S.) 1793. His See also:

FATHER

father died about 'Soo, and his See also:

MOTHER

mother, who was See also:

LEFT

left in poor circumstances, removed to Kazan with her three sons. In 1807 Nicolas, the second boy, entered as a student in the University of Kazan, then recently established. Five years later, having completed the curriculum, he began to take See also:

PART

part in the teaching, becoming assistant See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in 1814 and extraordinary professor two years afterwards. In 1823 he succeeded to the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary professorship of See also:

MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, and retained the See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair until about 1846, when he seems to have fallen into See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official disfavour. At that See also:

time his connexion with the university to which he had devoted his See also:

LIFE

life practically came to an end, except that in 1855, at the celebration of his See also:

JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee, he brought it as a last See also:

TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute his Pangeometrie, in which he summarized the results of his geometrical studies. This See also:

WORK

work was translated into See also:

German by H. Liebmann in 1902. He died at Kazan on the 24th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February (N.S.) 1856. Lobachevskiy was one of the first thinkers to apply a See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical treatment to the fundamental axioms of See also:

GEOMETRY

geometry, and he thus became a See also:

PIONEER

pioneer of the See also:

MODERN

modern geometries which See also:

DEAL

deal with space other than as treated by See also:

Euclid. His first contribution to non-Euclidian geometry is the subject is treated in many of his subsequent See also:

MEMOIRS

memoirs, among which may be mentioned the Geometrische Untersuchungen zur Theorie derParallellinien (See also:

Berlin, 184o, and a new edition in 1887), and the Pangeometrie already referred to, which in the sub-See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title is described as a precis of geometry founded on a See also:

general and rigorous theory of See also:

PARALLELS

parallels. (See GEOMETRY, § Non-Euclidean, and GEOMETRY, § Axioms of.) In addition to his geometrical studies, he made various contributions to other branches of mathematical See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, among them being an elaborate See also:

TREATISE

treatise on See also:

ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra (Kazan, 1834).

Besides being a geometer of See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and originality, Lobachevskiy was an excellent See also:

man of business. Under his See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration the University of Kazan prospered as it had never done before; and he not only organized the teaching See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff to a high degree of efficiency, but arranged and enriched its library, furnished See also:

INSTRUMENTS

instruments for its See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory, collected specimens for ifs museums and provided it with proper buildings. In See also:

order to be able to supervise the erection of the last, he studied See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, with such effect, it is said, that he was able to carry out the plans at a cost considerably below the See also:

ORIGINAL

original estimates. See F. See also:

Engel, N. I. Lobalchewsky (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1899). LOBANOV-ROETOVSKI, See also:

ALEXIS BORISOVICH, See also:

PRINCE (1824-1896), Russian statesman, was born on the 30th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1824, and educated, like Prince See also:

GORCHAKOV, or GORTCHAKOEF

Gorchakov and so many other eminent Russians, at the See also:

LYCEUM

lyceum of Tsarskoe Selo. At the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty he entered the See also:

DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic service, and became See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister at See also:

Constantinople in 1859. In 1863 a regrettable incident in his private life made him retire temporarily from the public service, but four years later he re-entered it and served for ten years as adlatus to the minister of the interior. At the See also:

close of the Russo-See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

war in 1878 he was selected by the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor to fill the See also:

POST

post of See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at Constantinople, and for more than a See also:

YEAR

year he carried out with See also:

GREAT

great ability the policy of his See also:

government, which aimed at re-establishing tram quillity in the Eastern Question, after the disturbances produced by the reckless See also:

ACTION

action of his predecessor, See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

IGNATIEV, NICHOLAS PAVLOVICH, COUNT (1832-1908)

Ignatiev. In 1879 he was transferred to See also:

LONDON

London, and in 1882 to See also:

Vienna; and in See also:

March 1895 he was appointed minister of See also:

FOREIGN

foreign affairs in See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to M. de See also:

GIERS, NICHOLAS KARLOVICH DE (182o-1895)

Giers.

In this position he displayed much of the caution of his predecessor, but adopted a more energetic policy in See also:

EUROPEAN

European affairs generally and especially in the See also:

BALKAN

Balkan See also:

Peninsula. At the time of his See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment the attitude of the Russian government towards the Slav nationalities had been for several years one of extreme reserve, and he had seemed as ambassador to sympathize with this attitude. But as soon as he became minister of foreign affairs, Russian See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the Balkan Peninsula suddenly revived. See also:

SERVIA

Servia received See also:

FINANCIAL

financial assistance; a large See also:

CONSIGNMENT (from consign, Fr. consigner, Lat. consignare, to affix a signum, seal; whence, in Late Lat., to hand over, transmit)

consignment of arms was sent openly from St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg to the prince of See also:

MONTENEGRO

Montenegro; Prince See also:

Ferdinand of See also:

Bulgaria became ostensibly reconciled with the Russian emperor, and his son Boris was received into the astern Orthodox See also:

Church; the Russian See also:

EMBASSY

embassy at Constantinople tried to bring about a reconciliation between the Bulgarian See also:

EXARCH (EEapxos, a chief person or leader)

exarch and the See also:

OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

oecumenical See also:

PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch; Bulgarians and Servians professed, at the bidding of See also:

Russia, to See also:

lay aside their mutual hostility. All this seemed to foreshadow the creation of a Balkan See also:

CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation hostile to See also:

TURKEY

Turkey, and the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan had See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to feel alarmed. In reality Prince Lobanov was merely trying to establish a strong Russian See also:

HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony among these nationalities, and he had not the slightest intention of provoking a new crisis in the Eastern Question so See also:

long as the general European situation did not afford Russia a convenient opportunity for solving it in her own See also:

INTEREST

interest without serious intervention from other See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers. Meanwhile he considered that the integrity and See also:

independence of the See also:

OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

EMPIRE

empire must be maintained so far as these other powers were concerned. Accordingly, when See also:

Lord See also:

Salisbury proposed energetic action to protect the Armenians, the See also:

CABINET

cabinet of St Petersburg suddenly assumed the role of See also:

PROTECTOR

protector of the sultan and vetoed the proposal. At the same time efforts were made to weaken the Triple See also:

ALLIANCE

Alliance, the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument employed being the. entente with See also:

France, which Prince Lobanov helped to convert into a formal alliance between the two powers. In the Far See also:

East he was not less active, and became the protector of See also:

CHINA

China in the same sense as he had shown himself the protector of Turkey. See also:

JAPAN

Japan was compelled to give up her conquests on the See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese mainland, so as not to interfere with the future action of Russia in See also:

MANCHURIA

Manchuria, and the financial and other schemes for increasing Russian influence in that part of the See also:

WORLD

world were vigorously supported.

All this activity, though combined with a haughty See also:

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone towards foreign governments and diplomatists, did not produce much general See also:

APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension, probably because there was a widespread conviction that he desired to maintain See also:

peace, and that his great ability and strength of See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character would enable him to See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the dangerous forces which he boldly set in See also:

motion. However this may be, before he had time to mature his schemes, and when he had been the director of Russian policy for only eighteen months, he died suddenly of See also:

heart disease when travelling with the emperor on the 3oth of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1896. Personally Prince Lobanov was a See also:

GRAND

grand seigneur of the Russian type, proud of being descended from the See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent princes of Rostov, and at the same time an amiable man of wide culture, deeply versed in Russian See also:

HISTORY

history and See also:

GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy, and perhaps the first authority of his time in all that related to the reign of the emperor See also:

Paul. (D. M.

End of Article: LOBACHEVSKIY, NICOLAS IVANOVICH (1793-1856)

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