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Koniggratz, and his comments on the operations which he witnessed are of the greatest value to the student of tactics and of the war of 1866. In 1868 he was made a See also:

major-general, and in the following year became chief of the staff in the See also:

Kiev military circumscription.

In 1873 he was appointed to command the 14th See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, and in this command he distinguished himself very greatly in the Russo-See also:

TURKISH

Turkish War of 1877-78. The 14th division led the way at the See also:

CROSSING

crossing of the See also:

DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube at Zimnitza, Dragomirov being in See also:

charge of the delicate and difficult operation of crossing and landing under See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and fulfilling his See also:

MISSION

mission with See also:

COMPLETE

complete success. Later, after the reverses before See also:

PLEVNA (Bulgarian Pleven)

Plevna, he, with the See also:

CESAREVICH

cesarevich and Generals See also:

TODLEBEN (or TOTLEBEN), FRANZ EDUARD IVANOVICH, COUNT (1818-1884)

Todleben and Milutine, strenuously opposed the See also:

SUGGESTION

suggestion of the See also:

GRAND

Grand-See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke Nicholas that the Russian army should See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat into See also:

Rumania, and the demoralization of the greater part of the army was not permitted to spread to Dragomirov's division, which retained its discipline unimpaired and gave a splendid example to the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest. He was wounded at the Shipka Pass, and, though promoted lieutenant-general soon after this, was not able to see further active service. He was also made See also:

ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-general to the See also:

TSAR, or CZAR

tsar and chief of the 53rd See also:

VOLHYNIA

Volhynia See also:

REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of his old division. For eleven years thereafter General Dragomirov was chief of the Nicholas Academy, and it was during this See also:

period that he collated and introduced into the Russian army all the best military literature of See also:

EUROPE

Europe, and in many other ways was active in improving the moral and technical efficiency of the Russian officer-See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, especially of the staff officer. In 1889 Dragomirov became See also:

COMMANDER

commander-in-chief of the Kiev military See also:

DISTRICT

district, and See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general of Kiev, See also:

PODOLSK

Podolsk and Volhynia, retaining this post until 1903. He was promoted to the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of general of infantry in 1891. His advanced See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and failing See also:

HEALTH

health prevented his employment at the front during the Russo-See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese war of 1904-5, but his See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice was continually solicited by the general headquarters at St Petersburg, and while he disagreed with General See also:

KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH (1848– )

Kuropatkin in many important questions of See also:

STRATEGY

strategy and military policy, they both recommended a repetition of the strategy of 1812, even though the See also:

TOTAL

total See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of See also:

PORT

Port See also:

Arthur was involved therein. General Dragomirov died at Konotop on the 28th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1905. In addition to the orders which he already possessed, he received in 1901 the See also:

order of St See also:

Andrew. His larger military See also:

WORKS

works were mostly translated into See also:

French, and his occasional papers, extending over a period of nearly fifty years, appeared chiefly in the Voienni Svornik and the Razoiedschik; his later articles in the last-named See also:

paper were, like the general orders he issued to his own troops, attentively studied throughout the Russian army.

His critique of See also:

Tolstoy's War and See also:

Peace attracted even wider See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention. Dragomirov was, in formal tactics, the See also:

head of the " orthodox " school. His conservatism was not, however, the result of See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit and See also:

early training, but of deliberate reasoning and choice. His See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model was, as he admitted in the war of 1866, the See also:

BRITISH

British infantry of the See also:

PENINSULAR

Peninsular War, but he sought to reach the ideal, not through the methods of repression against which the " advanced " tacticians revolted, but by means of thorough efficiency in the individual soldier and in the smaller See also:

units. He inculcated the " offensive at all See also:

COSTS

costs," and the See also:

COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of crushing See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-range fire and the See also:

BAYONET

bayonet charge. He carried out the ideas of See also:

SUVAROV

Suvarov to the fullest extent, and many thought that he pressed them to a theoretical extreme unattainable in practice. His critics, however, did not always realize that Dragomirov depended, for the efficiency his unit required, on the capacity of the See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, and that an essential part of the self-sacrificing discipline he exacted from his See also:

OFFICERS

officers was the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of assuming responsibility. The details of his brilliant achievement of Zimnitza suffice to give a clear See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of Dragomirov's See also:

PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality and of the way in which his methods of training conduced to success.

End of Article: DRAGOMIROV, MICHAEL IVANOVICH (1830-1905)

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