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MANDARIN , the See also:common name for all public officials in See also:China, the See also:Chinese name for whom is kwan or kwon. The word comes through the Portuguese from See also:Malay mantri, a counsellor or See also:minister of See also:state. The ultimate origin of this word is the See also:Sanskrit See also:root See also:man-, meaning to " think," seen in " man," " mind," &c. The See also:term " mandarin " is not, in its western usage, applied indiscriminately to all See also:civil and military officials, but only to those who are entitled to See also:wear a " See also:button," which is a spherical knob, about an See also:inch in See also:diameter, affixed to the See also:top of the See also:official cap or See also:hat. These officials, civil and military alike, are divided into nine grades or classes, each grade being distinguished by a button of a particular See also:colour. The grade to which an official belongs is not necessarily related to the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office he holds. The button which distinguishes the first grade is a transparent red See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone; the second grade, a red See also:coral button; the third, a See also:sapphire; the See also:fourth, a See also:blue opaque stone; the fifth, a crystal button; the See also:sixth, an opaque See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:- SHELL
- SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)
shell button; the seventh, a See also:plain See also:gold button; the eighth, a worked gold button; and the ninth, a worked See also:silver button. The mandarins also wear certain insignia embroidered on their official See also:robes, and have See also:girdle clasps of different material. The first grade have, for civilians an embroidered Manchurian See also:crane on the See also:breast and back, for the military an embroidered See also:unicorn with a girdle clasp of See also:jade set in rubies. The second grade, for civilians an embroidered See also:golden See also:pheasant, for the military a See also:lion with a girdle
See also:principal See also:industries are the raising of See also:Indian See also:corn and See also:sugar-See also:cane and the manufacture of See also:salt from See also:sea-See also:water. See also:Cebu-Visayan is the See also:language.
End of Article: MANDARIN
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