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HUNALD, DUKE

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 893 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HUNALD, See also:DUKE of See also:AQUITAINE, succeeded his See also:father See also:Odo, or Eudes, in 735. He refused to recognize the high authority of the Frankish See also:mayor of the See also:palace, See also:Charles Martel, whereupon Charles marched See also:south of the See also:Loire, seized See also:Bordeaux and Blaye, but eventually allowed Hunald to retain Aquitaine on See also:condition that he should promise fidelity. From 736 to 741 the relations between Charles and Hunald seem to have remained amicable. But at Charles's See also:death in 741 Hunald declared See also:war against the See also:Franks, crossed the Loire and burned See also:Chartres. Menaced by See also:Pippin and See also:Carloman, Hunald begged for See also:peace in 745 and retired to a monastery, probably on the Isle of Re. We find him later in See also:Italy, where he allied himself with the See also:Lombards and was stoned to death. He had See also:left the duchy of Aquitaine to Waifer, who was probably his son, and who struggled for eight years in defending his See also:independence against See also:King Pippin. At the death of Pippin and at the beginning of the reign of See also:Charlemagne, there was a last rising of the Aquitanians. This revolt was directed by a certain Hunald, and was repressed in 768 by Charlemagne and his See also:brother Carloman. Hunald sought See also:refuge with the duke of the Gascons, See also:Lupus, who handed him over to his enemies. In spite of the See also:opinion of certain historians, this Hunald seems to have been a different See also:person from the old duke of Aquitaine. See J.

Vaissette, Histoire generale de See also:

Languedoc, vol. i. (ed. of 1872 seq.) ; Th. Breysig, H. See also:Hahn, L. Oelsner, S. See also:Abel and B. See also:Simson, Jahrbiicher See also:des deutschen Reichs. (C. PF.) HU-NAN, a central See also:province of See also:China, bounded N. by Hu-peh, E. by Kiang-si, S. by Kwang-si and Kwang-tung, and W. by Kwei-chow and Szech'uen. It occupies an See also:area of 84,000 sq. m., and its See also:population is estimated at 22,000,000. The provincial See also:capital is Chang-sha Fu, in addition to which it has eight prefectural cities. It is essentially a province of hills, the only considerable See also:plain being that around the Tung-t'See also:ing See also:lake, but this extends little beyond the area which in summer forms See also:part of the lake.

To the See also:

north of Heng-chow Fu detached See also:groups of higher mountains than are found in the See also:southern portion of the province are met with. Among these is the Heng-shan, one of the Wu-yo or five sacred mountains of China, upon which the celebrated tablet of Yu was placed. The See also:principal See also:rivers of the province are: (1) The Siang-kiang, which takes its rise in the Nan-shan, and empties into the Tung-t'ing lake; it is navigable for a See also:great distance from its mouth, and the area of its See also:basin is 39,000 sq. m.; (2) the Tsze-kiang, the basin of which covers an area of Io,000 sq. m., and which is full of rapids and navigable only for the smallest boats; (3) the Yuen-kiang, a large See also:river, which has some of its See also:head-See also:waters in the province of Kwei-chow, and empties into the Tung-t'ing lake in the neighbourhood of Chang-te Fu; its basin has an area of 35,000 sq. m., 22,500 of which are in the province of Hu-nan and 12,500 in that of Kwei-chow; its See also:navigation is dangerous, and only small boats are able to pass beyond Hang-kia, a mart about 18o m. above Chang-te Fu; and (4) the See also:Ling-kiang, which flows from the See also:tea See also:district of Ho-feng Chow to the Tung-t'ing lake. Its basin covers an area of about 8000 sq. m., and it is navigable only in its lowest portion. The principal places of See also:commerce are: (I) Siang-t'an, on the Siang-kiang, said to contain 1,000,000 inhabitants, and to extend 3 M. See also:long by nearly 2 M. deep; (2) Chang-sha Fu, the provincial capital which stands on the same river 6o m. above the treaty See also:port of Yo-chow, and between which mart and Han-kow steamers of 500 tons See also:burden run; and (3) Chang-te Fu, on the Yuen-kiang. The products of the province are tea (the best quality of which is grown at Gan-hwa and the greatest quantity at Ping-kiang), See also:hemp, See also:cotton, See also:rice, See also:paper, See also:tobacco, tea-oil and See also:coal. The whole of the south-eastern portion of the province is one vast coal-See also:field, extending over an area of 21,700 sq. m. This area is divided into nearly two equal parts—one, the Lei river coal-See also:fields, yielding See also:anthracite, and the other the Siang river coal-fields, yielding bituminous coal. The See also:people have been, as a See also:rule, more See also:anti-See also:foreign in their ideas, and more generally prosperous than the inhabitants of the other provinces. See also:Baron von See also:Richthofen noticed with surprise the number of See also:fine See also:country seats, owned by See also:rich men who had retired from business, scattered over the rural districts. Almost all the See also:traffic is conveyed through Hu-nan by See also:water-ways, which See also:lead northward to Han-kow on the Yangtsze Kiang, and See also:Fan-See also:cheng on the Han River, eastward to Fu-kien, southward to Kwang-tung and Kwang-si and See also:west-See also:ward to Sze-ch'uen. One of the leading features of the province is the Tung-t'ing lake.

Yo Chow, the treaty port of the province, stands at the outlet of the river Siang into this lake.

End of Article: HUNALD, DUKE

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