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MENIAL

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 129 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MENIAL , that which belongs to See also:

household or domestic service, hence, particularly, a domestic servant. The See also:idea of such service being derogatory has made the See also:term one of contempt. The word is derived from an obsolete meinie or meyney, the See also:company of household servants or retainers; a Scottish See also:form is menzie. The origin is to be found in the O.Fr. meinie, popular See also:Lat. mansionata, from mansio, See also:mansion, from which comes Fr. maison, See also:house. M$NIER, EMILE See also:JUSTIN (1826-1881), See also:French manufacturer and politician, was See also:born at See also:Paris in 1826. In 1853, on the See also:death of his See also:father, See also:Antoine See also:Brutus Menier, he became proprietor of a large See also:drug factory, founded in 1815 by the latter at See also:Saint See also:Denis, Paris, and in 1825 at Noisiel-sur-See also:Marne. Antoine Brutus Mettler had also manufactured See also:chocolate in a small way, but Emile Justin from the first devoted himself specially to chocolate. He See also:purchased See also:cocoa-growing estates in See also:Nicaragua and See also:beet-See also:fields in See also:France, erected a See also:sugar-See also:mill, and equipped himself in other ways for the See also:production of chocolate on a large See also:scale. In 1864 he sold his See also:interest in the drug-manufacturing business, and thenceforth confined himself to chocolate, See also:building up an immense See also:trade. Wilier was a keen politician, and from 1876 till his death had a seat in the French Chamber, his See also:general views being strongly Republican, while he consistently opposed See also:protection. He was the author of several See also:works on fiscal and economic questions, notably L'Impot sur le See also:capital (1872), La Reforme fiscale (1872), Economie rurale (1875), L'Avenir economique (1875-1878), See also:Atlas de la production de la richesse (1878). He died at Noisiel-sur-Marne in 1881, his sons succeeding to the business.

MENILRE'S DISEASE, a form of auditory vertigo, first described by a French physician, Emile Antoine Meniere, in 1861. It usually attacks persons of See also:

middle See also:age whose See also:hearing has been previously normal. A. Politzer gives the following as the See also:principal causes: intense See also:heat and exposure to the See also:sun, See also:rheumatism, See also:influenza, venereal diseases, See also:anaemia and leukaemia. The disease presents itself in various forms, but the most usual is the apoplectoform, due to See also:haemorrhage into the See also:labyrinth, followed by more or less See also:complete deafness in either or both ears. The attack usually sets in with dizziness, noises in the ears, See also:nausea, vomiting and staggering gait, and the patient may suddently fall down with loss of consciousness. The seizures are usually paroxysmal, occurring at irregular intervals of days or See also:weeks. Between the attacks the See also:equilibrium may be disturbed, there being marked nystagmus and unsteadiness of gait. The attacks of vertigo tend to become less frequent and may entirely pass away, but the deafness may remain permanent. The treatment is directed towards relieving the-troublesome See also:head symptoms by the application of See also:cold compresses. The drug that has proved most serviceable in diminishing the dizziness is See also:potassium iodide, administered daily for at least a See also:month. Politzer considers that the attacks may be averted by producing rarefaction of the See also:air in the See also:external meatus of the See also:ear by means of a specially devised aspirating See also:tube.

End of Article: MENIAL

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