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H2O (combined)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 298 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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H2O (combined) . . 13.19 See also:Ioo.o5 (See also:Analysis by P. G. Sanford, Geol. Mag., 1889, 6, pp. 456, 526.) Of other published analyses, not a few show a See also:lower See also:silica content (44 %, 50 %), along with a higher proportion of alumina (11 %, 23 %). See also:Fuller's See also:earth may occur on any See also:geological See also:horizon; at Nutfield in See also:Surrey, See also:England, it is in the Cretaceous formations; at Midford near See also:Bath it is of See also:Jurassic See also:age; at See also:Bala, See also:North See also:Wales, it occurs in Ordovician strata; in See also:Saxony it appears to be the decomposition product of a diabasic See also:rock. In See also:America it is found in See also:California in rocks ranging from Cretaceous to Pleisto fene age; in S. Dakota, See also:Custer See also:county and elsewhere a yellow, gritty earth of Jurassic age is worked; in See also:Florida and See also:Georgia occurs a brittle, whitish earth of Oligocene age. Other deposits are worked in See also:Arkansas, See also:Texas, See also:Colorado, See also:Massachusetts and See also:South Carolina. Fuller's earth is either See also:mined or dug in the open according to See also:local circumstances. It is then dried in the See also:sun or by artificial See also:heat and transported in small lumps in sacks.

In other cases it is ground to a See also:

fine See also:powder after being dried; or it is first roughly ground and made into a slurry with See also:water, which is allowed to carry off the finer from the coarser particles and See also:deposit them in a creamy See also:state in suitable tanks. After consolidation this fine material is dried artificially on drying floors, broken into lumps, and packed for transport. The use of fuller's earth for cleansing See also:wool and See also:cloth has greatly decreased, but the demand for the material is as See also:great or greater than it ever was. It is now used very largely in the filtration of See also:mineral See also:oils, and also for See also:decolourizing certain See also:vegetable oils. It is employed in the formation of certain soaps and cleansing preparations. The See also:term " Fuller's Earth " has a See also:special significance in See also:geology, for it was applied by W. See also:Smith in 1799 to certain See also:clays in the neighbourhood of Bath, and the use of the expression is still retained by See also:English geologists, either in this See also:form or in the generalized " Fullonian." The Fullonian lies at the See also:base of the Great Oolite or Bathonian See also:series, but its palaeontological characters See also:place it between that series and the underlying Inferior Oolite. The zonal fossils are Perisphinctes arbustigerus and Macrocephalus subcontractus with Ostrea See also:acuminate, Rhynchonella concinna and Goniomya angulifera. The formation is in See also:part the See also:equivalent of the " Vesulien" of J. See also:Marcou (See also:Vesoul in Haute-See also:Saone). In See also:Dorsetshire and See also:Somersetshire, where it is best See also:developed, it is represented by an Upper Fuller's Earth See also:Clay, the Fuller's Earth Rock (an impersistent earthy See also:limestone, usually fossiliferous), and the Lower Fuller's Earth Clay. Commercial fuller's earth has been obtained only from the Upper Clay.

In eastern See also:

Gloucestershire and See also:northern See also:Oxfordshire the Fuller's Earth passes downwards without break into the Inferior Oolite; northward it See also:dies out about Chipping See also:Norton in Oxfordshire and passes laterally into the Stonesfield Slates series; in the midland counties it may perhaps be represented by the " Upper Estuarine Series." In parts of Dorsetshire the clays have been used for brickmaking and the limestone (rock) for local buildings. See H. B. See also:Woodward, " Jurassic Rocks of Great See also:Britain," vol. iv. (1894), Mem. Geol. Survey (See also:London). [J. A.

End of Article: H2O (combined)

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