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element, he set forth the essential features of his famous doctrine of the linking of atoms. He explained that in substances containing several carbon atoms it must be assumed that some of the See also:

AFFINITIES

affinities of each carbon See also:

ATOM (Gr. &rows, indivisible, from a- privative, and TE,aPfw, to cut)

atom are See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by the affinities of the atoms of other elements contained in the substance, and some by an equal number of the affinities of the other carbon atoms. The simplest See also:

case is when two carbon atoms are combined so that one See also:

affinity of the one is tied to one affinity of the other; two, therefore, of the affinities of the two atoms are occupied in keeping the two atoms together, and only the remaining six are available for atoms of other elements. The next simplest case consists in the mutual interchange of two affinity See also:

units, and so on.

This conception led Kekule to his " closed-See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain " or " See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring " theory of the constitution of See also:

BENZENE, C6H6

benzene which has been called the " most brilliant piece of prediction to be found in the whole range of organic chemistry," and this in turn led in particular to the elucidation of the constitution of the " aromatic compounds," and in See also:

general to new methods of chemical See also:

SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis and decomposition, and to a deeper insight into the See also:

composition of numberless organic bodies and their mutual relations. Professor F. R. Japp, in the Kekule memorial lecture he delivered before the See also:

LONDON

London Chemical Society on the 15th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1897, declared that t hree-fourths of See also:

MODERN

modern organic chemistry is directly or indirectly the product of Kekule's benzene theory, and that without its guidance and See also:

INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration the See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries of the See also:

COAL

coal-See also:

tar See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and artificial therapeutic agents in their See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension would have been inconceivable. Many of Keku16's papers appeared in the Annalen der Chemie, of which he was editor, and he also published an important See also:

WORK

work, Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie, of which the first three volumes are dated 1861, 1866 and 1882, while of the See also:

FOURTH

fourth only one small See also:

section was issued in 1887.

End of Article: KEKULE, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896)

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