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See also:WHEWELL, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
WILLIAM (1794-1866) , See also:British philosopher and historian of See also:science, was See also:born on the 24th of May 1794 at Lan-caster. His See also:father, a See also:carpenter, wished him to follow his See also:trade, but his success in See also:mathematics at See also:Lancaster and Heversham See also:grammar-See also:schools enabled him to proceed with an See also:exhibition to Trinity, See also:Cambridge (1812). He was second wrangler in 1816, became See also:fellow and See also:tutor of his See also:college, and, in 1841, succeeded Dr See also:Wordsworth as See also:master. He was See also:professor of See also:mineralogy from 1828 to 1832, and of moral See also:philosophy (then called " moral See also:theology and casuistical divinity ") from 1838 to 1855. He died on the 6th of See also:March 1866 from the effects of a fall from his See also:horse.
Whewell was prominent not only in scientific See also:research and philosophy, but also in university and college See also:administration. His first See also:work, An Elementary See also:Treatise on See also:Mechanics (1819), co-operated with those of See also:Peacock and See also:Herschel in reforming the Cambridge method of mathematical teaching; to him in large measure was due the recognition of the moral and natural sciences as an integral See also:part of the Cambridge curriculum (185o). In See also:general, however, especially in later years, he opposed reform: he defended the tutorial See also:system, and in a controversy with See also:Thirlwall (1834) opposed the See also:admission of Dissenters; he upheld the clerical fellowship system, the privileged class of" fellow-commoners," and the authority of heads of colleges in university affairs. He opposed the See also:appointment of the University See also:Commission (1850), and wrote two See also:pamphlets (Remarks) against the reform of the university (1855). He advocated as the true reform, against the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of entrusting elections to the members of the See also:senate, the use of college funds and the subvention of scientific and professorial work.
In 1826 and 1828, Whewell was engaged with See also:Airy in See also:con-ducting experiments in Dolcoath mine, See also:Cornwall, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to determine the See also:density of the See also:earth. Their See also:united labours were unsuccessful, and Whewell did little more in the way of experimental science. He was the author, however, of an See also:Essay on Mineralogical See also:Classification, published in 1828, and contributed various See also:memoirs on the tides to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society between 1833 and 185o. But it is on his See also:History and Philosophy of the Sciences that his claim to an enduring reputation mainly rests. The History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the See also:Present See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
Time appeared originally in 1837. Whewell's wide, if superficial, acquaintance with various branches of science enabled him to write a comprehensive See also:account of their development, which is still of the greatest value. In his own See also:opinion, the History was to be regarded as an introduction to the Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (184o). The latter treatise' analyses the method exemplified in the formation of ideas, in the new inductions of science, and in the applications and systematization of these inductions all exhibited by the History in the See also:process of development
In the Philosophy, Whewell endeavours to follow See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon's See also:plan for See also:discovery of an effectual See also:art of discovery. He examines ideas (" explication of conceptions ") and by the " colligation of facts endeavours to unite these ideas to the facts and so construct science. But no art of discovery, such as Bacon anticipated, follows, for " invention, sagacity, See also:genius " are needed at each step. He analyses See also:induction into three steps:—(1) the selection of the (fundamental) See also:idea, such as space, number, cause or likeness; (2) the formation of the conception, or more See also:special modification of those ideas, as a circle, a See also:uniform force, &c.; and (3) the determination of magnitudes. Upon these follow special methods of induction applicable to quantity, viz., the method of curves, the method of means, the method of least squares and the method of residues, and special methods depending on resemblance (to which the transition is made through the See also:law of continuity), viz. the method of gradation and the method of natural classification.
Here, as in his ethical See also:doctrine (see See also:ETHICS), Whewell was moved by opposition to contemporary See also:English See also:empiricism. Following See also:Kant, he asserted against J. S. See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill the a priori nature of necessary truth, and by his rules for the construction of conceptions he dispensed with the inductive methods of Mill.
Between 1835 and 1861 Whewell was the author of various See also:works on the philosophy of morals and politics, the See also:chief of which, Elements of Morality, including Polity, was published in 1845. The peculiarity of this work—written, of course, from what is known as the in-tuitional point of view—is its fivefold See also:division of the springs of See also:action and of their See also:objects, of the See also:primary and universal rights of See also:man (See also:personal See also:security, See also:property, See also:contract, See also:family rights and See also:government), and of the See also:cardinal virtues (benevolence, See also:justice, truth, purity and order). Among Whewell's other works—too numerous to mention—reference must be made to writings popular in their See also:day, such as the See also:Bridgewater Treatise on See also:Astronomy (1833), and the essay, Of the See also:Plurality of Worlds (1854), in which he argued against the See also:probability of planetary See also:life, and also to the'Platonic Dialogues for English Readers (1859-1861), to the Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in See also:England 1852), to the essay, Of a Liberal See also:Education in General, with particular reference to the Leading Studies of the University of Cambridge (1845), to the important edition and abridged See also:translation of See also:Grotius, De :lure See also:belli et pacis (1853), and to the edition of the Mathematical Works of See also:Isaac See also:Barrow (186o).
Full See also:bibliographical details are given by Isaac See also:Todhunter, W. Whewell: an Account of his Writings (2 vols., 1876). See also Life of W. Whewell, by Mrs See also:Stair See also:Douglas (1881).
End of Article: WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866)
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