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See also:THURII, or THURIUM , a See also:city of Magna Graecia on the Gulf of See also:Tarentum, near the site of the older See also:Sybaris (q.v.). It owed its origin to an See also:attempt made in 452 B.C. by Sybarite exiles and their descendants to repeople their old See also:home. The new See also:settlement was crushed by See also:Crotona, but the Athenians See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
lent aid to the fugitives and in 443 See also:Pericles sent out to Thurii a mixed See also:body of colonists from various parts of See also:Greece, among whom were Ilerodotus and the orator. See also:Lysias. The pretensions of the Sybarite colonists led to dissensions and ultimately to their See also:expulsion; See also:peace was made with Crotona, and also, after a See also:period of See also:war, with Tarentum, and Thurii See also:rose rapidly in See also:power and See also:drew settlers from all parts of Greece, especially from See also:Peloponnesus, so that the tie to See also:Athens was not always acknowledged. The See also:oracle of See also:Delphi determined that the city had no founder but See also:Apollo, and in the Athenian War in See also:Sicily Thurii was at first neutral, though it finally helped the Athenians. Thurii had a democratic constitution and See also:good See also:laws, and, though we hear little of its See also:history till in 390 it received a severe defeat from the rising power of the Lucanians, many beautiful coins testify to the See also:wealth and splendour of its days of prosperity. In the 4th See also:century it continued to decline, and at length called in the help of the See also:Romans against the Lucanians, and then in 282 against Tarentum. Thenceforward its position was dependent, and in the Second Punic War, after several vicissitudes, it was de-populated and plundered by See also:Hannibal (204). In 194 a See also:Roman See also:colony was founded, with Latin rights, known for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time as Copiae, but afterwards by the old name of Thurii. It continued to be a See also:place of some importance, the situation being favourable and the region fertile, and does not seem to have been wholly abandoned till the See also:middle ages. The site of the See also:original See also:Greek city is not accurately known, though that of the Roman See also:town, which probably though not certainly occupied the same site, is fixed by insignificant ruins as being 4 M. to the See also:east of See also:Terranova di Sibari, and as occupying an See also:area some 4 m. in See also:circuit. The tombs found in x879–188o (see SYBARts) See also:lie a little to the east of the site.
See F. See also:Lenormant, La Grande-See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
Grace i. 317 (See also:Paris, 1881). (T. As.) THURINGIA (See also:German Thuringen), an See also:historical See also:division of See also:Germany, but now a territorial See also:term without See also:political significance.
90I
It strictly designates only that See also:district in upper Sh oxty,thslt is bounded by the Werra, the Harz Mountains, the See also:Saale and the Thuringian See also:Forest; in See also:common parlance, however, it is frequently used as See also:equivalent to the Thuringian states, i.e. the See also:group of small duchies and principalities lying between See also:Prussia, See also:Hesse-See also:Nassau, See also:Bavaria and the See also:kingdom of See also:Saxony. Spch Thuringian states are See also:Saxe-See also:Weimar-See also:Eisenach, Saxe•-See also:Coburg-See also:Gotha, Saxe-See also:Meiningen, Saxe-See also:Altenburg, Schwarzburg-See also:Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-See also:Sondershausen, and the two principalities of See also:Reuss, all of which are separately described. Besides these, the term Thuringia also, of course, includes the various " exclaves " of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria and Bohemia which lie embedded among them.
The Thuringians are first mentioned by See also:Vegetius Renatus about A.D. 420 when they occupied the district between the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest. They were probably descended from the Hermunduri, a Suevic See also:people referred to by See also:Tacitus as living in this region during the 1st century. They were tributary to See also:Attila the Hun, under whom they served at the See also:battle of Chalons in 451. They were governed by See also:kings, whose See also:realm in the See also:early 6th century touched both the See also:Danube and the See also:lower See also:Elbe. At this time See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Basin divided Thuringia among his three sons. The eldest, Hermannfried, eventually obtained See also:sole See also:possession by the help of Theuderich I., king of See also:Austrasia, but having refused to pay the See also:price he had promised for this assistance, was defeated by Theuderich in a See also:series of battles and murdered by him in 531. The See also:northern portion of the kingdom was given to the See also:Saxons who had joined him against Hermannfried; the See also:southern See also:part was added to Austrasia; and the name of Thuringia was confined to the district bounded by the Harz Mountains, the Werra, the Thuringian Forest and the Saale. It remained under the See also:direct See also:rule of the Frankish kings until 634, when Radulf was appointed See also:duke of the Thuringians by King Dagobert I. Radulf made himself practically See also:independent of the See also:Franks, in spite of an attack made on him by See also:Sigebert III., king of Austrasia. About this time the See also:con-version of the Thuringians to See also:Christianity was begun by See also:British missionaries and continued by St See also:Boniface, who founded a bishopric at See also:Erfurt. They were again reduced to dependence on the Franks by See also:Charles Martel, who abolished the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of duke and divided the See also:country among Frankish See also:counts. About 804 See also:Charlemagne, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to defend the See also:line of the Saale against the Slays, founded the Thuringian See also:mark, which soon became practically coextensive with the former duchy. In 849 King See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis the German recognized Thakulf as duke (See also:dux Sorabici limitis), and some of his successors See also:bore the See also:title of See also:margrave until the See also:death of Burkhard in 908, when the country was seized by See also:Otto the Illustrious, duke of Saxony. Thuringia was retained by Otto's son and successor, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I. the See also:Fowler, in spite of the opposition of the German king, See also:Conrad I., and ceased for a time to enjoy a See also:separate political existence.
It appears to have been See also:united with See also:Meissen for some time, and this was certainly the See also:case from 1oa6 to 1067, when both countries were ruled by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William and Otto, counts of Weimar. During the 11th century the Thuringians refused to pay See also:tithes to Siegfried, See also:archbishop of See also:Mainz, and this was probably one See also:reason why they joined the rising of the Saxons against the See also:emperor Henry IV. in 1073.
About this time a new dominion was founded by Louis the Bearded, who by See also:purchase, See also:gift or See also:marriage obtained several counties in Thuringia. These passed on his death in x056 to his son Louis the See also:Springer (d. 1123), who took part in the Saxon risings against the emperors Henry IV. and Henry V., built the See also:castle of the See also:Wartburg near Eisenach, which was the See also:residence of his See also:family for nearly 200 years, and founded the monastery of Reinhardsbrunn, where as a See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk he passed his last days. His son Louis was appointed See also:landgrave of Thuringia in 1130 by the emperor See also:Lothair II.; by his marriage with Hedwig of Gudensberg in 1137 he obtained a large part of Hesse. He was succeeded in 1140 by his son Louis II. the Hard, who married See also:Judith, a See also:sister of the emperor See also:Frederick I., and on his behalf took a leading part in the opposition to his powerful See also:neighbour Henry the See also:Lion, duke of Saxony. In 1172 he was succeeded
THUR4NGTAt ti
by his son Louis III. the Pious. He acquired the Saxon See also:palatinate in 1179, on the death of See also:Adalbert, See also:count of Sommerschenburg, went to See also:Italy to assist Frederick I. in 1157, joined in the war against Henry the Lion in 118o, and distinguished himself at the See also:siege of See also:Acre in the Third Crusade, on the return from which he died at See also:Cyprus in 1190. He was succeeded by his See also:brother See also:Hermann I., during whose reign Thuringia suffered greatly from the ravages of the adherents of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, duke of See also:Swabia, and also from those of his See also:rival Otto of See also:Brunswick. The next landgrave (1217—1227) was his son Louis IV. the See also:Saint, who married St See also:Elizabeth, daughter of See also:Andrew II., king of See also:Hungary, and acted as See also:guardian for his kinsman Henry III. the Illustrious, margrave of Meissen. This Louis, who is celebrated in See also:story, destroyed many robber-castles in Thuringia and died at See also:Otranto while accompanying the emperor Frederick II. on crusade. The next ruler was Henry See also:Raspe, who made himself See also:regent on behalf of his See also:nephew Hermann II. from 1227 to 1238 and in 1241 succeeded his former See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward as landgrave. Henry was appointed regent for King Conrad IV., but he soon transferred his See also:allegiance from the emperor to See also:Pope See also:Innocent IV., and in 1246 was chosen German king at Beitshochheim. He defeated Conrad near See also:Frankfort in See also:August 1246, but died in the following See also:year at the Wartburg, when the male line of the family became See also:extinct.
In 1242 Thuringia had been promised by Frederick II. to Henry III. the Illustrious, margrave of Meissen, a maternal See also:grandson of the landgrave Hermann I. Henry, however, found himself obliged to defend his title against See also:Sophia, wife of Henry II., duke of See also:Brabant, who was a daughter of the See also:land-See also:grave Louis IV., and it was not till 1263 that an arrangement was made by which Thuringia and the Saxon palatinate See also:fell to Henry. Two years later Henry apportioned Thuringia to his son See also:Albert the Degenerate, who sold it in 1293 to the German king Adolph of Nassau for 12,000 marks of See also:silver. Albert's sons Frederick the Undaunted and See also:Dietrich contested this transaction, and the attempts of Adolph and his successor Albert I. to enforce it led to the infliction of See also:great hardships upon the Thuringians. Frederick defeated Albert decisively and in 1314 was formally invested with Thuringia by the emperor Henry VII. His son Frederick II. the Grave (1323—1349) consolidated the power of his See also:dynasty against rebellious vassals and the neighbouring counts of Weimar and Schwarzburg. His son Frederick III. the Strong (1349—1381) and his grandson Balthasar (1381—1406) further extended their dominion by marriage and See also:conquest, and the latter of these founded the university at Erfurt (1392). Balthasar's son, Frederick the Peaceful, became landgrave in 1406 but See also:left the See also:government largely to his See also:father-in-See also:law See also:Gunther, count of Schwarzburg. He died childless in 1440, and Thuringia then passed to the electoral dynasty of Saxony. After a See also:joint rule by Frederick II. and his brother William, the latter in 1445 became sole landgrave as William III. and died without sons in 1482. In 1485 his nephews and heirs Albert and Ernest made a division of their lands, and Thuringia was given to the Ernestine See also:branch of the family of See also:Wettin, with which its subsequent history is identified (see SAXONY).
End of Article: THURII, or THURIUM
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