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original meaning. It is certainly to be associated with the cult of Athena Parthenos, " the Virgin," though it is not clear why the name was given to this particular chamber. The most convenient position for a temple upon the natural See also:

rock-See also:

PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform of the Acropolis was occupied by the early temple of Athena. When it was decided to supersede this by a larger and more magnificent temple, it was necessary to provide a site for this new temple by means of a See also:

GREAT

great substructure, which is on its See also:

south See also:

side about 40 ft. high. This substructure was not ikfnDlbphdd.y,fnmka1on from W tIh.ilongen M. be. Mkee A,ekielodieel.n lunaob to A:kn.1®JI t....t...'P a Yard., built for the See also:

PRESENT

present temple, but for an earlier one, which was longer and narrower in shape; there has been much discussion as to the date of this earlier temple; F. C. Penrose maintained that it was the See also:

WORK

work of See also:

PEISISTRATUS, (605?–527 B.c.)

Peisistratus.

Some have thought that it dated from the See also:

time immediately after the See also:

Persian See also:

WARS

wars; but the fact that portions of its columns and See also:

ENTABLATURE (Lat. in, and tabula, a tablet)

entablature, damaged by See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, were built into the See also:

north See also:

wall of the Acropolis by See also:

THEMISTOCLES (c. 514-449 B.C.)

Themistocles seems to prove that it See also:

DATES

dates from the 6th century, whether it be the work of the tyrants or of the renewed See also:

DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy under See also:

CLEISTHENES

Cleisthenes. The extant temple was the chief among the buildings with which See also:

PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles adorned the Acropolis. The supervision of the whole work was in the hands of See also:

PHEIDIAS

Pheidias, and the architects of the temple were See also:

ICTINUS

Ictinus and Caliicrates. The actual See also:

BUILDING

building was not begun until 447 B.C., though the decision to build was made ten years earlier (Keil, Anonynus argentorensis). The temple must have been structurally See also:

COMPLETE

complete by the See also:

YEAR

year 438 BC., in which the See also:

gold and See also:

ivory statue of Athena Parthenos was dedicated; but the work of decoration and finish was still going on in 433 B.C. The temple as designed by Ictinus was about 15 ft. shorter and about 6 ft. wider than the building for which the See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations were intended; it thus obtained a proportion of length to breadth of exactly 9: 4. It is the most perfect example of the Doric See also:

order (see See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

ARCHITECTURE: See also:

Greek). The See also:

plan of the temple was See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar. The See also:

CELLA

cella, which was exactly Too ft. See also:

long, kept the name and traditional measurement of the old Hecatompedon. It was surrounded on three sides by a Doric See also:

COLONNADE

colonnade, and in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of it was the great basis on which the statue was erected. This cella was probably lighted only by the great See also:

DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway and by the See also:

LIGHT

light that filtered through the See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble tiles. The See also:

COMMON

common notion that there was a hypaethral opening is alrelre?rz"i=fl%Zy/z =Z = = =e]MItta 1 / ateer~ixiii ao,Brier.Wey,e aa~iv.Heizee*e i zee,odu~voi - See also:

IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

ivy 111 H ^.

~! O Pa b 'a I ~' , ee as etee aaaaaut ,.ar al a ago, _ c?vara , II ZdZMZZzZieZ% Em.a W+lk.r,4. erroneous. At the back of the cella was a square chamber, not communicating with it, but entered from the See also:

west end of the temple; this was the Parthenon in the narrower sense. It seems to have been used only as a See also:

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-See also:

house, though it may have been originally intended for a more important purpose. The Prodomus and the Opisthodomus were enclosed by See also:

BRONZE

bronze gratings fixed between the columns, and were thus adapted to contain valuable offerings and other treasures. We have inventories on marble of the contents of these four compartments of the temple. The opisthodomus, in particular, probably served as a See also:

TREASURY

treasury for sacred and other See also:

MONEY

money, though it has been disputed whether the opisthodomus mentioned in the See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions is See also:

PART

part of the Parthenon or another building. For the sculptures decorating the Parthenon and the statue by Pheidias in the cella, see See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article GREEK See also:

ART. The metopes over the See also:

OUTER

outer colonnade were all sculptured, and represented on the See also:

east the See also:

BATTLE

battle of gods and giants, on the west, probably, the battle of Greeks and See also:

AMAZONS

Amazons, on the south Greeks and See also:

CENTAURS

Centaurs; those on the north are almost lost. The east See also:

PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment represented the See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Athena, the west pediment her contest with See also:

POSEIDON

Poseidon for the See also:

LAND

land of See also:

ATTICA

Attica. The See also:

FRIEZE

frieze, which was placed above the cella wall at the sides, represented the Panathenaic procession, approaching on three sides the See also:

GROUP

group of gods seated in the middle of the east side.

These sculptures are all of them admirably adapted to their position on the building, and are, in themselves, the most perfect See also:

WORKS

works that See also:

sculpture has ever produced. The Parthenon probably remained intact until the 5th century of our era, when the See also:

COLOSSAL

colossal statue was removed, and the temple is said to have been transformed into a See also:

church dedicated to St See also:

SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia. In the 6th century it was dedicated to the Virgin See also:

MOTHER

Mother of See also:

God (®eorhKos). The See also:

ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the building as a church involved the removal of the inner columns and roof, the construction of an See also:

apse at the east end, and the opening of a See also:

DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door between the cella and the chamber behind it. These alterations involved some damage to the sculptures. In 1456 Athens was captured by the See also:

TURKS

Turks, and the Parthenon was consequently changed into a See also:

MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque, apparently without any serious structural alterations except the addition of a See also:

MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret. In this See also:

state it was described by See also:

SPON, JACQUES (1647-1685)

Spon and Wheler in 1676 and the sculpture was See also:

DRAWN

drawn by the See also:

French artist Garrey in 1674. In 1687 the Turks used the building as a See also:

POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder See also:

MAGAZINE

magazine during the See also:

BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of the Acropolis by a Venetian See also:

army under See also:

MOROSINI

Morosini, and a See also:

shell caused the See also:

EXPLOSION

explosion which blew out the middle of the temple and threw down the columns at the sides. Still further damage to the sculptures was done by Morosini's unsuccessful See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

LOWER

lower from the west pediment the See also:

CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot of Athena. Later a small mosque was constructed in the midst of the ruins; but nothing except See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual damage is to be recorded during the succeeding century except the visits of various travellers, notably of See also:

James See also:

Stuart (1713-1788) and See also:

Nicholas Revett (1720-1804), whose splendid drawings are the best See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the sculpture as it existed in Athens. In 1801 See also:

Lord See also:

ELGIN

Elgin obtained a See also:

FIRMAN (an adaptation of the Per. ferman, a mandate or patent, cognate with the Sanskrit pramdna, a measure, authority)

firman authorizing him to make casts and drawings, and to pull down extant buildings where necessary, and to remove sculpture from them. He caused all the remains of the sculpture to be found on the ground or in See also:

TURKISH

Turkish houses, and a certain amount—notably the metopes—that was still on the temple, to be transported to See also:

England.

Some See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault has been found with his methods or those of his workmen; but there is no doubt that the result was the preservation of much that would otherwise have been lost. The Elgin See also:

MARBLES

marbles were bought by the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

government in 1816, and are now in the British Museum. Certain other sculptures from the Parthenon are in the Louvre, See also:

COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen or elsewhere, and much is still in Athens, either still on the temple or in the Acropolis museum. The most accurate measurements of the temple, showing the exactness of its construction and the subtlety of the curvature of all its lines, was made by F. C. Penrose. Atyruoi1TIEs.—A. See also:

MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis, der Parthenon (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1871); J. Stuart and N. Revett, Antiquities of Athens (See also:

LONDON

London, 1762-1815) F. C. Penrose, Principles of Athenian Architecture (London.

1851 and1888); A. S. See also:

Murray, The Sculptures of the Parthenon (London, 1903); British Museum, See also:

CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Sculpture, vol. 1. See also GREEK ART. (E.

End of Article: PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

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