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influence of the United States increased. This American attitude towards the European powers became crystallized in what is known as the Monroe Doctrine, since it was first announced officially in a See also:

concrete See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, though not originated, by See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President Monroe. His See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration was the result of American See also:

APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension that the See also:

COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of European powers known as the See also:

HOLY

Holy See also:

ALLIANCE

Alliance would interfere in See also:

South See also:

AMERICA

America to restore the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish colonies, which had asserted their See also:

independence, to the See also:

CROWN

crown of See also:

Spain. To meet and check this See also:

MOVEMENT

movement, in his See also:

MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress on the 2nd of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1823, Monroe made the following pronouncement: In the See also:

WARS

wars of the European powers in matters See also:

RELATING

relating to them-selves we have never taken any See also:

PART

part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparations for our See also:

defence. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

SYSTEM

system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. . . . We owe it, therefore, to candour, and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers, to declare that we should consider any See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our See also:

peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power we have not interfered and shall not interfere.

But with the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have on See also:

GREAT

great See also:

CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration and on just principles acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any European power in any other See also:

LIGHT

light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the United States. . . It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can any one believe that our See also:

SOUTHERN

Southern brethren, if See also:

LEFT

left to themselves, would adopt it of their own See also:

ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. Earlier in the same message, while discussing negotiations for the See also:

settlement of the respective claims of See also:

Russia, Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and the United States in the See also:

north-See also:

west, Monroe also said: In the discussion to which this See also:

INTEREST

interest has given rise and the arrangements by which they may terminate, the occasion has been judged proper for asserting as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the See also:

FREE

free and See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. With this message Great Britain was in hearty agreement. Indeed it was See also:

Canning's policy, summed up three years later by his famous reference to the necessity of calling the New See also:

WORLD

World into existence to restore the See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of the Old. This announcement of policy, it will be noticed, involved, firstly, a declaration aimed at See also:

FOREIGN

foreign intervention in the political affairs of independent American states; secondly, a warning against future European colonization on the American continents. The first was avowedly based on the right of self-defence; it was a policy, not a See also:

law; it was not to constrain the See also:

minor republics, but to protect them. The second, as explained by See also:

John See also:

Quincy See also:

Adams, was intended to See also:

state the fact that the American continent was occupied by contiguous states, leaving no See also:

ROOM

room for further colonization and introduction of foreign See also:

SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty. No legislative See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction was given to Monroe's statement of policy at the See also:

time, and in fact none was needed, for the See also:

mere announcement served to prevent foreign See also:

ACTION

action in South America. It has never formed part of the See also:

BODY

body of See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Law, being unilateral.

Nor has the United States See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound itself by compact with the other republics of the American continent to protect them from European aggression. Thus it hesitated to send delegates to the See also:

PANAMA

Panama Congress in 1826, and took no part in any congress with the Latin American states until 1889. Nevertheless, on several occasions since its conception the Monroe Doctrine has been enforced. Its spirit permeated the See also:

CLAYTON, JOHN MIDDLETON (1796–1856)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, in which Great Britain and the United States, in 185o, mutually renounced the right of colonizing, fortifying or occupying any porton of Central America. It was enforced against See also:

Maximilian, who, by See also:

French intervention in See also:

Mexico, had been made See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and until the See also:

close of the American See also:

CIVIL

Civil See also:

War had perforce been left undisturbed. Its applicability was urged when de See also:

LESSEPS, FERDINAND DE (1805-1894)

Lesseps's Panama See also:

Canal was thought possible of completion. Both See also:

CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba and the Hawaiian Islands at various periods have See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt its influence, the See also:

general, though not consistent policy of the United States being, while disclaiming the See also:

DESIRE

desire of See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation itself, to deny the right of any European power (except Spain in Cuba's See also:

case, until 1898) to See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control them. And it was applied to the claims of See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana to Venezuelan territory by President See also:

Cleveland's message in 1895, which proposed a See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to See also:

settle the boundary and threatened war if its See also:

LINE

line were not accepted. This commission never reported, but the disputants finally agreed to arbitrate, and the British claim was in the See also:

main upheld. Between 1823 and 1895 the development and enlargement of this policy on the part of the United States was very striking. To prevent the overthrow of an independent See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic is one thing; to interfere in the settlement of a boundary dispute between two states, also on the ground of self-defence, is quite another. Yet Cleveland's doctrine met with general See also:

ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, and in fact it had been in a sense anticipated by President See also:

Grant, who, in urging the annexation of See also:

San Domingo upon the United States See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate in 1870, used this See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language: The Doctrine promulgated by President Monroe has been adhered to by all political parties, and I now deem it proper to assert the equally important principle that hereafter no territory on this continent shall be regarded as subject of See also:

TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer to a European power.

Never having been formulated as law or in exact language, the Monroe Doctrine has meant different things to different persons at different times. It has become deeply rooted in the American See also:

heart, and a permanent part of the foreign policy of the United States. It tends to See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change into the principle that every portion of the American continent must be free from European control. It is still coupled, however, with the converse principle that America takes no part in European politics, as the See also:

DISCLAIMER

disclaimer of the American delegates to the first Peace See also:

CONFERENCE

Conference at the See also:

HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague proved. See See also:

Tucker's Monroe Doctrine; See also:

GILMAN, DANIEL COIT (1831-1908)

Gilman's See also:

LIFE

Life of Monroe; See also:

Wharton's International Law See also:

DIGEST

Digest (See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, " Monroe Doctrine ") ; See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow's American See also:

DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

Diplomacy; also an See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by See also:

Sir See also:

Frederick See also:

POLLOCK

Pollock in the Nineteenth See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century and After (1902). (T. S.

End of Article: MONROE DOCTRINE

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