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PREBENDARY (Lat. praebendo = give or ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V22, Page 267 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PREBENDARY (See also:Lat. praebendo = give or See also:grant, through See also:Low Lat. praebenda) , one who holds a prebend, namely an endowment in See also:land, or See also:pension in See also:money, given to a See also:cathedral or conventual See also:church in praebendam—that is, for the See also:maintenance of a See also:secular See also:priest or See also:regular See also:canon. In the See also:early Church the See also:title had a more See also:general signification. The word praebenda originally signified the daily rations given to soldiers, whence it passed to indicate daily distributions of See also:food and drink to monks, canons, &c. It became a frequent See also:custom to grant such a prebend from the resources of a monastery to certain poor See also:people or to the founder. Such persons were, literally, prebendaries. At a later date, when the custom in collegiate churches of living in See also:common had become less general, a certain amount of the church See also:revenue was divided among the See also:clergy serving such a church, and each portion (no longer of See also:meat or drink only) was called a prebend. The clergy of such churches were generally canons, and the titles canon and prebendary were, and are, sometimes used as synonymous. A member of such a See also:college is a canon in virtue of the spiritual duties which he has to perform, and the assignation to him of a See also:stall in See also:choir and a See also:place in See also:chapter; he is a prebendary in virtue of his See also:benefice. In the See also:Roman See also:Catholic Church the duties of a prebendary as such generally consist in his attendance at choral See also:office in his church. In the See also:Anglican Church he usually bears his See also:part in the conducting of the See also:ordinary church services, except when he has a See also:vicar, as in the old cathedral See also:foundations (see CATHEDRAL). A prebendary may be either See also:simple or a dignitary. In the former See also:case he has no cure and no more than his revenue for his support; in the latter he has always a See also:jurisdiction annexed.

In the Anglican Church the See also:

bishop is of common right See also:patron of all prebends, and if a prebend is in the See also:gift of a See also:lay patron he must See also:present his See also:candidate to the bishop who institutes as to other benefices. No See also:person may hold more than one prebend in the same church; therefore, if a prebendary accepts a deanery in his church his prebend becomes void by cession. A prebend is practically a See also:sinecure, and the holder has no cure of souls as such. He may, and often does, accept a parochial office or chaplaincy in addition. In the See also:middle ages there were many less regular kinds of prebends: e.g. praebenda doctoralis, with which teaching duties were connected, praebenda lectoralis, praebenda missae, to which the See also:duty of saying a certain number of masses was attached, praebenda mortuaria, founded for the saying of masses for the dead. Chantries belonged to this class. All these prebends were generally assigned to See also:special holders, but there were also praebendae currentes, which were not held by any persons in particular. Sometimes prebends were held by boys who sang in choir, praebendae pueriles. Occasionally the name of prebendary was applied to those servants in a monastery who attended to the food. In See also:England the word prebendary was some-times used as synonymous with prebend, as prebend was occasionally used for prebendary. Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, ed. L.

See also:

Favre (See also:Niort, 1883, &c.); See also:Migne, Encyclopedie theologique, 1st See also:series, vol. x. (s. See also:Droit Canon); See also:Sir R. J. See also:Phillimore, Ecclesiastical See also:Law of the Church of England (2nd ed., 1895). (E. O'N.) PRE-See also:CAMBRIAN, in See also:geology, the enormously See also:long and indistinctly defined See also:period of See also:time anterior to the Cambrian period. In the restricted sense in which it is now often employed it embraces a period or See also:group of periods subsequent to the Archean (q.v.) and anterior to the Cambrian, although some writers still prefer to include the former. The See also:superior limit of pre-Cambrian rocks is fixed by the Olenellus See also:fauna at the baseof the Cambrian (some geologists speak of certain pre-Olenellus beds as See also:ea-Cambrian); the See also:lower limit has not yet been generally established, though it is sufficiently clear in certain regions. The rocks of this period are much more obviously of sedimentary origin than those of the Archean; they include conglomerates, sandstones, greywackes, quartzites, slates, limestones and See also:dolomites, which appear to have been formed under conditions similar to those which obtained in later epochs. Although the sediments prevail, they are often very highly metamorphosed and distorted by crustal movements; igneous rocks occur in See also:great bulk in some regions. Fossils are usually extremely rare and very See also:ill-preserved; but indications of See also:protozoa, coelenterates, echinoderms, molluscoids, See also:mollusca, See also:worms and arthropods have been distinguished.

The name pre-Cambrian is the See also:

equivalent of the " Algonkian " of the See also:United States See also:Geological Survey, and of the " Proterozoic " of other See also:American authorities; the terms eozoic, archaeozoic, agnotozoic, cryptozoic, eparchaic and others have also been applied to the same period. Three or more great stratigraphical breaks have been recognized within the See also:system of pre-Cambrian rocks; but how far these breaks synchronize in widely separated regions where they are found is difficult to determine in the See also:absence of See also:good palaeontological See also:evidence. The most striking development of pre-Cambrian rocks in Great See also:Britain is the See also:Torridonian (q.v.) group of the See also:north-See also:west See also:highlands of See also:Scotland, which lies with strong unconformability between the Lewisian See also:gneiss and the basal See also:quartzite of the Cambrian. The Eastern or See also:Dalradian (q.v.) See also:schists of Scotland and their equivalents in See also:Ireland and See also:Anglesey may be, in part at least, of the same See also:age. In See also:Shropshire, in the neighbourhood of the Welsh border, is the remnant of an See also:ancient See also:ridge now forming the Longmynd and the smaller hills to the west, Caer Caradoc, the Wrekin, and the See also:Carding-ton Hills. The latter are built mainly of much altered porphyries and tuffs which C. Callaway named the Uriconian series; this series is clearly of pre-Cambrian age. The great See also:mass of grits, flags and slates forming the Longmynd cannot yet be definitely assigned to this period, though they may be provisionally retained here under Callaway's name, Londmyndian. Probably contemporaneous with the Uriconian are the volcanic series of Barnt See also:Green, Licky See also:Hill and Caldecote. The micaceous schists of Rushton (Salop) may be placed here. In the Charnwood See also:Forest a group of crystalline rocks, named Charnian by W. W.

See also:

Watts, rises up in the See also:form of small hills amid the surrounding Trias; they are classed as follows in descending See also:order: The See also:Brand series, including the slates of Swithland and Groby, quartzite and See also:conglomerate and See also:purple and green beds; the Maplewell series, including the See also:olive hornstones of Bradgate, the Woodhouse beds, the See also:slate-See also:agglomerate of Roecliffe, the See also:Beacon Hill hornstones and a felspathic agglbmerate; and the Blackbrook series of grits and hornstones. The ancient volcanic rocks of St Davids, See also:Pembrokeshire, were formerly regarded by H. See also:Hicks as of pre-Cambrian age, in which he recognized a lower, " Dimetian," a middle, " Arvonian," and an upper, " Pebidian," series. The pre-Cambrian age of these rocks was for a long time disputed, but J. F. N. Green (Q. J. Geol. See also:Soc., 1908, 64, p. 363) made it clear that there is an Upper Pebidian (Rhyolitic group), and a Lower Pebidian (Trachytic group), and that Hicks's " Dimetian," the St Davids granophyre, is a laccolitic mass intrusive in the Pebidian. Both the Pebidian volcanic rocks and the intruded granophyre are separated from the Cambrian by an unconformity.

In Finno-Scandinavia pre-Cambrian rocks are well See also:

developed. In the Scandinavian See also:mountain ranges are the Seve and Sparagmite formations; the latter, a coarse-grained felspathic See also:sandstone, is very similar to the Torridonian of Scotland; it occurs also in Enontekis in See also:Finland. Next in descending order come the Jotnian sandstones (2000 metres), which retain ripple-marks; they are associated with conglomerates and slates and intrusive See also:diabase and the Rapakiwi See also:granite. The Jotnian group rests unconformably upon the Jatulian quartzites and schists, with slates, See also:dolomite and carbonaceous beds (north of See also:Lake See also:Onega is a See also:bed of See also:anthracite 2 metres thick). Out-flows of diabase and See also:gabbro occur in this series, which is from 1600 to 2000 metres in thickness. Below the Jatulian is another group of schistose sediments, the Kalevian, more strongly folded than the former and separated from the See also:groups above and below by unconformable junctions. These rocks are regarded by J. J. Sederholm as older than the Huronian of North See also:America (possibly analogous to the See also:Keewatin formation), and yet several groups of sediments in this region (Botnian schists, &c.) See also:lie between the Kalevian series and the granitic (Archean) complex. Pre-Cambrian rocks occupy large areas and attain an enormous thickness in North America; all types of sediment are represented in various stages of See also:metamorphism, and with these are igneous rocks, often developed upon a vast See also:scale. They have been subdivided into the following groups or formations: an upper Keweenawan and a lower Huronian group; the latter is subdivided into an upper Animikean (north-See also:east See also:Minnesota) or Penokean (north-west See also:Wisconsin); a middle and a lower See also:division. Each of these four groups is separated by marked unconformity from the rocks above and below.

Huronian rocks are well developed in the following districts: the See also:

Marquette region of See also:northern See also:Michigan, comprising quartzites, slates and conglomerates, with important See also:iron-bearing slates and schists and ferruginous cherts; in the See also:Menominee See also:district of Michigan and Wisconsin similar rocks occur; the Penokee-Gogebic district of Wisconsin and Michigan comprises quartzites, shales and limestones, with beds and dikes of diabase and See also:olivine-gabbro; the same rocks occur in the Crystal Falls, north Michigan; the Mesabi and See also:Vermilion districts, Minnesota, and north of Lake Michigan See also:rock groups of this age take an important place. The valuable iron ores of Mesabi, Penokee-Gogebic and Menominee belong mainly to the Animikean group; in the Penokee rocks of this age vast thicknesses of igneous rocks constitute the greater part of the formation. The Keweenawan rocks are said to attain the enormous thickness of 50,000 ft.; the higher beds are mainly sandy sediments and conglomerates; in the lower portions are great igneous masses, gabbros, diabase and porphyries; thus in the St Croix valley, north-west Wisconsin and Minnesota, no fewer than 65 See also:lava flows and 5 conglomeratic beds have been counted, which together aggregate some 20,000 ft. in thickness. Some of these lava flows appear to have been due to fissure eruptions. The native See also:copper deposits of this age in north Michigan are the most extensive known. Pre-Cambrian rocks occupy large areas and reach great thicknesses in the eastern provinces of See also:Canada; in See also:Newfoundland 10,000 ft. of strata lie between the Archean and Cambrian (the Terranovian series of See also:South See also:Hunt; See also:Avalon group of others); similar rocks occur also north of the Great Lakes and in the See also:Hudson See also:Bay region. They are found also in great force in the See also:Colorado See also:Canyon, in the Adirondack Mountains, and See also:Black Hills of S. Dakota and elsewhere. Turning to See also:Europe, we find pre-Cambrian rocks in See also:Brittany, the phyllades de See also:Saint Lo," or Brioverian of Chas. See also:Barrois; and along the western border of See also:France and south-west of the central See also:massif. In the See also:Fichtelgebirge, the Silesian mountains and east Thuringia similar rocks occur; the Przibramer Schiefer of Lipoid and rocks in J. See also:Barrande's See also:stage A are of this age.

Probably the metamorphosed eruptive rocks on the See also:

southern border of the Hunsriick and See also:Taunus are pre-Cambrian. Large tracts of metamorphic sedimentary rocks that may be classed here are found in Shantung and north See also:China, and probably also in See also:Brazil, See also:India and See also:Australia. In South See also:Africa the See also:gold-bearing Witwatersrand beds of the See also:Transvaal and the overlying Ventersdorp and See also:Potchefstroom systems; the Griqua-land system and Cango and Ibeques systems of Cape See also:Colony, all occur above Archean rocks and below those of Devonian age; they cannot as yet, therefore, be classed as pre-Cambrian and their age is still uncertain. Little can be said of the See also:climatic conditions of this remote period, the fossil evidence being so poor; but it is of See also:interest to See also:note that in certain regions, viz. in the Lake See also:Huron region, in the Gaisa series of Varanger See also:Fjord, See also:Norway, and in the Yangtse district in China, conglomerate beds are found in which many of the boulders are scratched like those of the Dwyka beds of South Africa, and thus suggest the possibility of glacial conditions at some stages of the period. For literature see Geological Literature added to the Geological Society's Library (See also:annual). (J. A.

End of Article: PREBENDARY (Lat. praebendo = give or grant, through Low Lat. praebenda)

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