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See also:BARRANDE, See also:JOACHIM (1799-1883) , See also:Austrian geologist and palaeontologist, was See also:born at Saugues, Haute See also:Loire, on the 11th of See also:August 1799, and educated in the iN tole Polytechnique at See also:Paris. Although he had received the training of an engineer, his first See also:appointment was that of See also:tutor to the duc de See also:Bordeaux (afterwards known as the See also:comte de See also:Chambord), See also:grandson of See also:Charles X., and when the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king abdicated in 183o, Barrande accompanied the royal exiles to See also:England and See also:Scotland, and afterwards to See also:Prague. Settling in that See also:city in 1831, he became occupied in See also:engineering See also:works, and his See also:attention was then attracted to the fossils from the See also:Lower Palaeozoic rocks of Bohemia. The publication in 1839 of See also:Murchison's See also:Silurian See also:System incited Barrande to carry on systematic researches on the See also:equivalent strata in Bohemia. For ten years (1840-1850) he made a detailed study of these rocks, engaging workmen specially to collect fossils, and in this way he obtained upwards of 3500 See also:species of See also:graptolites, See also:brachiopoda, See also:mollusca, See also:crustacea (particularly See also:trilobites) and fishes. The first See also:volume of his See also:great See also:work, Systeme silurien du centre de la Bohtme (dealing with trilobites), appeared in 1852; and from that date until 1881, he issued twenty-one See also:quarto volumes of See also:text and plates. Two other volumes were issued after his See also:death in 1887 and 1894. It is estimated that he spent nearly £1o,000 on these works. In addition he published a large number of See also:separate papers. In recognition of his important researches the See also:Geological Society of See also:London in 1855 awarded to him the See also:Wollaston See also:medal.
The See also:term Silurian was employed by Barrande, after Murchison, in a more comprehensive sense than was justified by subsequent knowledge. Thus the Silurian rocks of Bohemia were divided into certain stages (A to II)— the two lowermost, A and B without fossils (Azoic), succeeded by the third See also:stage, C, which included the primordial See also:zone, since recognized as See also:part of the See also:Cambrian of See also:Sedgwick.
The See also:fourth stage (Stage D), the true lower Silurian, was described by Barrande as including isolated patches of strata with organic remains like those of the Upper Silurian. These assemblages of fossils were designated " Colonies," and regarded as See also:evidence of the See also:early introduction into the See also:area of species from neighbouring districts, that became locally See also:extinct, and reappeared in later stages. The See also:- INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)
interpretation of Barrande was questioned in 1854 by See also:Edward See also:Forbes, who pointed to the disturbances, overturns and crumplings in the older rocks as affording a more reasonable explanation of the occurrence of .strata with newer fossils amid those containing older ones. Other geologists subsequently questioned the See also:doctrine of "Colonies." In 188o Dr J. E. Marr, from a See also:personal study in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, brought forward evidence to show that the repetitions of the fossiliferous strata on which the " Colonies " were based were due to faults. The later stages of Barrande, F, G and H, have since been shown by Emanuel See also:Friedrich Heinrich See also:Kayser (b. 1845) to be Devonian.
Despite these modifications in the See also:original groupings of the strata, it is recognized that Barrande " made Bohemia classic ground for the study of the See also:oldest fossiliferous formations." He died at Frohsdorf on the 5th of See also:October 1883.
See "See also:Sketch of the See also:Life of Joachim Barrande," Geol. Mag. (1883), p.
529 (with portrait).
End of Article: BARRANDE, JOACHIM (1799-1883)
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