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Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century, both 'mention two important towns called Kaou Kaou, of which one would seem to have occupied a position very near to that of the modern Kuka. Ibn Khaldun speaks of it as the See also:

capital of Bornu and as situated on the See also:

meridian of See also:

Tripoli. In 184o the See also:

PRESENT

present town was laid See also:

WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste by Mahommed Sherif, the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

WADAI

Wadai; and when it was restored by Sheikh See also:

OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar he built two towns separated by more than See also:

HALF

half a mile of open See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, each town being surrounded by walls of See also:

white See also:

clay. It was probably owing to there being two towns that the plural Kukawa became the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary designation of the town in See also:

KANO

Kano and throughout the Sudan, though the inhabitants used the singular Kuka. The town became wealthy and populous (containing some 6o,000 inhabitants) , being a centre for caravans to Tripoli and a stopping-See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of pilgrims from the See also:

HAUSA

Hausa countries going across See also:

Africa to See also:

MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca.

The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

BUILDING

building was the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the sheikh. Between 1823 and 1872 Kuka was visited by several See also:

ENGLISH

English and See also:

German travellers. In 1893 Bornu was seized by the ex-slave Rabah (q.v.), an adventurer from the See also:

BAHR

Bahr-el-Ghazal, who See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose a new capital, Dikwa, Kuka falling into See also:

COMPLETE

complete decay. The town was found in ruins in 1902 by the British expedition which replaced on the See also:

THRONE

throne of Bornu a descendant of the See also:

ancient rulers. In the same See also:

YEAR

year the rebuilding of Kuka was begun and the town speedily regained See also:

PART

part of its former importance. It is now one of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal British stations of eastern Bornu. Owing, however, to the increasing importance of Maidugari, a town 8o m. S. S. W. of Kuka, the See also:

court of the shehu was removed thither in 1908. For an See also:

account of Kuka before its destruction by Rabah, see the Travels of Heinrich See also:

Barth (new ed., See also:

LONDON

London, 1890) ; and See also:

SAHARA

Sahara and Sudan, by Gustav See also:

NACHTIGAL, GUSTAV (1834-1885)

Nachtigal (See also:

Berlin, 1879), i. 581-748.

KU KLUX KLAN, the name of an See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret association of See also:

SOUTHERN

Southern whites See also:

UNITED

united for self-See also:

PROTECTION

protection and to opposethe Reconstruction See also:

MEASURES

measures of the United States See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, 1865-1876. The name is generally applied not only to the See also:

order of Ku Klux Klan, but to other similar See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies that existed at the same See also:

time, such as the Knights of the White Camelia, a larger order than the Klan; the White Brotherhood; the White See also:

LEAGUE

League; See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale Faces; Constitutional See also:

Union See also:

GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards; See also:

Black See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

Cavalry; White See also:

Rose; The '76 Association; and hundreds of smaller societies that sprang up in the See also:

South after the See also:

CIVIL

Civil See also:

War. The See also:

OBJECT

object was to protect the whites during the disorders that followed the Civil War, and to oppose the policy of the See also:

North towards the South, and the result of the whole See also:

MOVEMENT

movement was a more or less successful revolution against the Reconstruction and an overthrow of the governments based on See also:

NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro See also:

SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage. It may be compared in some degree to such See also:

EUROPEAN

European societies as the Carbonara, See also:

Young See also:

Italy, the Tugendbund, the Confreries of See also:

France, the Freemasons in See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic countries, and the Vehmgericht. The most important orders were the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camelia. The former began in 1865 in See also:

PULASKI, CASIMIR, COUNT (1748-1779)

Pulaski, See also:

TENNESSEE

Tennessee, as a social See also:

CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club of young men. It had an absurd See also:

RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual and a See also:

STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

UNIFORM

uniform. The members accidentally discovered that the fear of it had a great See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the lawless but superstitious blacks, and soon the club See also:

EXPANDED

expanded into a great federation of regulators, absorbing numerous See also:

LOCAL

local bodies that had been formed in the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of civil See also:

law and partaking of the nature of the old English neighbourhood See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police and the ante-bellum slave See also:

PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

patrol. The White Camelia was formed in 1867 in See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana and rapidly spread over the states of the See also:

LATE

late Confederacy. The See also:

period of organization and development of the Ku Klux movement was from 1865 to 1868; the period of greatest activity was from 1868 to 1870, after which came the decline. The various causes assigned for the origin and development of this movement were: the absence of See also:

STABLE

stable See also:

government in the South for several years after the Civil War; the corrupt and tyrannical See also:

RULE

rule of the See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien, renegade and negro, and the belief that it was supported by the Federal troops which See also:

con-trolled elections and legislative bodies; the disfranchisement of whites; the spread of ideas of social and See also:

POLITICAL

political equality among the negroes; fear of negro insurrections; the arming of negro See also:

MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia and the disarming of the whites; outrages upon white See also:

WOMEN

women by black men; the influence of See also:

NORTHERN

Northern adventurers in the Freedmen's See also:

BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau (q.v.) and the Union League (q.v.) in alienating the races; the humiliation of Confederate soldiers after they had been paroled—in See also:

general, the insecurity See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt by Southern whites during the See also:

DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade after the collapse of the Confederacy. In organization the Klan was modelled after the Federal Union.

Its Prescript or constitution, adopted in 1867, and revised in 1868, provided for the following organization: The entire South was the invisible See also:

EMPIRE

Empire under a See also:

GRAND

Grand Wizard, General N. B. See also:

Forrest; each state was a See also:

REALM

Realm under a Grand See also:

DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

Dragon; several counties formed a Dominion under a Grand Titan; each See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county was a See also:

Province under a Grand See also:

GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

Giant; the smallest See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division being a Den under a Grand Cyclops. The See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff See also:

OFFICERS

officers See also:

BORE

bore similar titles, See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the time when the order existed only for amusement: Genii, Hydras, See also:

FURIES (Lat. Furiae, also called DIRAE)

Furies, Goblins, See also:

NIGHT

Night See also:

HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

Hawks, Magi, Monks and See also:

TURKS

Turks. The private members were called Ghouls. The Klan was twice reorganized, in 1867 and in 1868, each time being more centralized; in 1869 the central organization was disbanded and the order then gradually declined. The White Camelia with a similar See also:

HISTORY

history had a similar organization, without the queer titles. Its members were called See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers and Knights, and its officials Commanders. The constitutions and rituals of these secret orders have declarations of principles, of which the following are characteristic: to protect and succour the weak and unfortunate, especially the widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers; to protect members of the white See also:

RACE

race in See also:

LIFE

life, See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour and See also:

PROPERTY

property from the encroachments of the blacks; to oppose the See also:

RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical Republican party and the Union League; to defend constitutional See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, to prevent usurpation, emancipate the whites, maintain See also:

peace and order, the See also:

LAWS

laws of See also:

God, the principles of 1776, and the political and social supremacy of the white race—in See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, to oppose See also:

AFRICAN

African influence in government and society, and to prevent any intermingling of the races. During the Reconstruction the See also:

PEOPLE

people of the South were divided thus: nearly all native whites (the most prominent of whom were disfranchised) on one See also:

side irrespective of former political faith, and on the other side the ex-slaves organized and led by a few native and Northern whites called respectively scalawags and See also:

CARPET

carpet-baggers, who were supported by the United States government and who controlled the Southern state governments. The Ku Klux movement in its wider aspects was the effort of the first class to destroy the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the second class. To control the negro the Klan played upon his superstitious fears by having night patrols, parades and drills of silent horsemen covered with white sheets, carrying skulls with coals of See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire for eyes, sacks of bones to rattle, and wearing hideous masks.

In calling upon dangerous blacks at night they pretended to be the See also:

SPIRITS

spirits of dead Confederates, " just from See also:

HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell," and to quench their thirst would pretend to drink gallons of See also:

WATER

water which was poured into See also:

RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber sacks concealed under their See also:

ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes. Mysterious signs and warnings were sent to disorderly negro politicians. The whites who were responsible for the conduct of the blacks were warned or driven away by social and business See also:

OSTRACISM

ostracism or by violence. Nearly all southern whites (except " scalawags"), whether members of the secret societies or not, in some way took part in the Ku Klux movement. As tle See also:

WORK

work of the societies succeeded, they gradually passed out of existence. In some communities they See also:

fell into the control of violent men and became simply bands of outlaws, dangerous even to the former members; and the anarchical aspects of the movement excited the North to vigorous condemnation.' The United States Congress in 1871–1872 enacted a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of " Force Laws " intended to break up the secret societies and to control the Southern elections. Several See also:

HUNDRED

hundred arrests were made, and a few convictions were secured. The elections were controlled for a few years, and violence was checked, but the Ku Klux movement went on until it accomplished its object by giving protection to the whites, reducing the blacks to order, replacing the whites in control of society and state, expelling the worst of the carpet-baggers and scalawags, and nullifying those laws of Congress which had resulted in placing the Southern whites under the control of a party composed principally of ex-slaves. Au; rxoRITIES.—J. C. Lester and D. L.

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