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SOKOTO , an important See also:Fula See also:state of See also:west central See also:Sudan, now a See also:province of the See also:British See also:protectorate of See also:Nigeria. The See also:sultan of Sokoto throughout the loth See also:century exercised an over-lordship over the See also:Hausa states extending See also:east from the See also:Niger to See also:Bornu and southward to the See also:Benue and See also:Adamawa. These states and Sokoto itself, known variously as the Sokoto or Fula See also:empire and Hausaland,, came (c. 1900–1903) under See also:direct British See also:control, but the native governments are maintained. The province of Sokoto occupies the See also:north-west corner of the British protectorate, and is bounded west and north by See also:French territory. See also:South and east it adjoins other parts of the British protectorate. Bordering north on the See also:Sahara, it contains much arid See also:land, but south-west the land is very fertile. See also:Running through it in a south-See also:westerly direction is the Gublin Kebbi or Sokoto See also:river, which joins the Niger in 112° N. 4° E. On a tributary of this river is the See also:town of Sokoto.
The Sokoto or Fula empire was founded at the beginning of the loth century. The See also:country over which the Fula ruled has, however, a See also:history going back to the See also:middle ages. Between the Niger and the See also:kingdom of Bornu (q.v.) the country was inhabited by various See also:black tribes, of whom the Hausa occupied the plains: Under the See also:influence of See also:Berber and Arab tribes, who embraced Mahommedanism, the Hausa advanced in See also:civilization, founded large cities, and See also:developed a considerable See also:trade, not onl)) with the neighbouring countries, but, via the Sahara, with the See also:Barbary states. The various kingdoms which See also:grew up See also:round each large town had their own rulers, but in the first See also:half of the 16th century they all appear to have owned the sway of the See also:Songhoi See also:kings (see See also:TIMBUKTU). On the break-up of the Songhoi empire the north-eastern See also:part of Hausaland became more or less subject to Bornu, whose sultans in the 17th century claimed to See also:rule over See also:Katsena and See also:Kano. In this century arose a See also:dynasty of the Habe, a name now believed to be identical with Hausa, who obtained See also:power over a large See also:area of the See also:northern portion of the See also:present British protectorate. The Hausa, whose See also:conversion to Mahommedanism began in the 12th century, were still in the 18th century partly pagans, though their rulers were followers of the See also:Prophet. These rulers built up an elaborate See also:system of See also:government which See also:left a considerable See also:share in the management of affairs to the See also:body of the See also:people. Dwelling among the Hausa were a number of Fula, mostly herdsmen, and these were devout Mahommedans. One of the more 'cultivated teachers of this ra.:a, named See also:Othman See also:Dan Fodio, had been See also:tutor to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Gobir (a See also:district north of Establish-Sokoto). He incurred the wrath of that king, who, See also:meat of
angered at some See also:act of See also:defiance, ordered the See also:massacre Fula Rule. of every Fula in his dominions. The Fula flocked to Fodio's aid, and in the See also:battle of Koto' or Rugga Fakko (18(4) the king of Gobir was utterly defeated. Thereupon Fodio unfurled the See also:green banner of See also:Mahomet and preached a See also:jihad or religious See also:war. In a few years the Fula had subdued most of the Hausa states, some, like Kano, yielding easily in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to preserve their trade, others, like Katsena, offering a stubborn resistance. Gobir and Kebbi remained unconquered, as did the See also:pagan See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill tribes. The Fula were also defeated in their attack on Bornu. In most places they continued the system of government which had grown up under the Habe, the chiefs or emirs of the. various
II
See also:counts of See also:Vermandois. Renaud, See also:count of See also:Soissons, gave his See also:property in 1141 to his See also:nephew Yves de See also:Neale. By successive marriages the countship of Soissons passed to the houses of See also:Hainaut, ClAtillon-See also:Blois, See also:Coucy, See also:Bar and See also:Luxemburg. See also:Marie de Luxemburg brought it, together with the counties of Made and St Poi, to See also:Francis of See also:Bourbon, count of See also:Vendome, whom she married in 1487. His descendants, the princes of See also:Conde, held Soissons and gave it to their cadets. See also:Charles of Bourbon, count of Soissons (1566–1612), son of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, See also:prince of Conde, whose See also:political vacillations were due to his intrigues with See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV.'s See also:sister See also:Catherine, became See also:grand See also:master of See also:France and See also:governor of See also:Dauphine and See also:Normandy. His son, Louis of Bourbon (1604–1641), took part in the plots against Marie de See also:Medici and See also:Richelieu, and attempted to assassinate Richelieu. He had only one See also:child, a natural son, known as the See also:Chevalier de Soissons. The countship passed to the See also:house of See also:Savoy-Carignan by the See also:marriage in 1625 of Marie de Bourbon-Soissons with See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Francis of Savoy. See also:Eugene See also:Maurice of Savoy, count of Soissons (1635-1673), married the beautiful and witty See also:Olympia See also:Mancini, a niece of See also:Cardinal See also:Mazarin, and obtained high military posts through his wife's influence. He defeated the Spaniards at the battle of the See also:Dunes in 1658; took part in the See also:campaigns at See also:Flanders (1667), Franche-See also:Comte (1668) and See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland (1672); and was present as See also:ambassador extraordinary of France at the See also:coronation of Charles II. of See also:England. His wife led a scandalous See also:life, and was accused of poisoning her See also:husband and others. She was the See also:mother of Louis Thomas Amadeus, count of Soissons, and of the famous Prince Eugene of Savoy. In 1734 the male See also:line of the See also:family of Savoy-Soissons became See also:extinct, and the heiress, the princess of See also:Saxe-See also:Hildburghausen, ceded the countship of Soissons to the house of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, in whose See also:possession it remained until
states being, however, tributary to Dan Fodio. This sheik established himself at Sokoto, and with other titles assumed that of Sarikin Muslimin (king of the Mahommedans). As such he became the recognized spiritual See also:head of all the Mahomllledans of west central Sudan, a headship which his successors retained unimpaired, even after the loss of their temporal position to the British in 1903. On the See also:death of Fodio (c. 18t9) the empire was divided between a son and a See also:brother, the son, famous under the name of Sultan See also:Bello, ruling at Sokoto, the brother at See also:Gando. All the other Fula emirs were dependent on these two sultanates. The Fula power proved, before many years had gone by, in many respects harmful to the country. This was especially the See also:case in those districts where there was a large pagan See also:population. Slave-raiding was practised on a See also:scale which devastated and almost depopulated vast regions and greatly hampered the commercial activity of the large cities, of which See also:Zaria and Kano were the most important.
The purity of the See also:ancient See also:administration was abandoned. The courts of See also:justice became corrupt, administrative power was abused and degenerated into a despotism controlled only by See also:personal considerations, oppressive taxes destroyed See also:industry and gradually desolated the country. Soon after the Fula had established themselves Europeans began to visit the country. See also:Hugh See also:Clapperton, an Englishman, was at Sokoto in 1823 and again in 1827, dying there on the 13th of See also:April of that See also:year. Heinrich See also:Barth made a prolonged stay in various Hausa cities at See also:dates between 1851 and 1855. To Barth is due a See also:great See also:deal of our knowledge of the country. In Barth's See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:American merchants were established on the Niger, bartering goods in See also:exchange for slaves. This See also:traffic was carried on through See also:Nupe " to the great damage," says Barth, " of the See also:commerce and the most unqualified See also:scandal of the See also:Arabs, who think that the See also:English, if they would, could easily prevent it." The over-seas traffic in slaves did not continue See also:long after the date (1851) to which Barth referred, but slave-raiding by the Fula went on unchecked up to the moment of the British occupation of the country. At Sokoto the sultanship continued in the hands of Fodio's descendants, and the reigning sultan concluded in 1885 a treaty with the Royal Niger See also:Company (then called the See also:National See also:African Company) which gave to the company certain rights of See also:sovereignty throughout his dominions.
In 1900 the rights of the company were transferred to the See also:Crown. In the course of the years 1900, 1901, 1902, British submission authority was established in the states bordering to Beulah on the Niger and the Benue and in Bornu. The Ruk. northern states declined to fulfil the conditions of the See also:treaties negotiated with the Niger Company or to submit to the abolition of the slave trade, and in 1902 Sokoto and Kano openly defied the British power. A See also:campaign was undertaken against them in the opening months of 1903 in which the British troops were entirely successful. Kano was taken in See also:February 1903, and Sokoto after some resistance made formal submission on the 22nd of See also:March following. From that See also:day British authority was substituted for Fula authority through-out the protectorate. The emir of Sokoto took an See also:oath of See also:allegiance to the British Crown and Sokoto became a British province, to which at a later See also:period Gando was added as a subprovince—thus making of Sokoto one of the See also:double provinces of the protectorate.
The double province thus constituted has an area of about 35,000 sq. m., with an estimated population of something over 500,000. It includes the ancient kingdoms of Zamfara on the east and Argunga or Kebbi on the west. The dominions of the emir of Sokoto have suffered some diminutions by See also:reason of British agreements with France See also:relating to the See also:common frontier of the two See also:European See also:powers in the western Sudan. The emir See also:felt deeply the loss of territory ceded to France in 1904 but accepted the See also:settlement with much See also:loyalty. Like the emir of Kano the new emir of Sokoto worked most loyally with the British administration. The province has been organized on the same principle as the other provinces of Northern Nigeria. A British See also:resident of the first class has been placed at Sokoto andassistant residents at other centres. British courts of justice have been established and British See also:governors are quartered in the province. Detachments of See also:civil See also:police are also placed at the See also:principal stations. The country has been assessed under the new system for taxes and is being opened as rapidly as possible for trade. After the See also:establishment of British rule farmers and herdsmen reoccupied districts and the inhabitants of cities flocked back to the land, rebuilding villages which had been deserted for fifty years. See also:Horse breeding and See also:cattle raising See also:form the See also:chief source of See also:wealth in the province. There is some See also:ostrich farming. Except in the sandy areas there is extensive See also:agriculture, including See also:rice and See also:cotton. See also:Special crops are grown in the valleys by See also:irrigation. See also:Weaving, See also:dyeing and tanning are the principal native See also:industries. See also:Fair roads are in See also:process of construction through the province. Trade is increasing and a See also:cash currency has been introduced.
The emir of Gando, treated on the same terms as the emirs of Kano and Sokoto, proved less loyal to his oath of allegiance and had to be deposed. Another emir was installed in his See also:place and in the whole double province of Sokoto-Gando prosperity has been See also:general. In 1906 a rising attributed to religious fanaticism occurred near Sokoto in which unfortunately three See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:officers lost their lives. The emir heartily repudiated the See also:leader of the rising, who claimed to be a See also:Mandi inspired to drive the white See also:man out of the country. A British force marched against the rebels, who were overthrown with great loss in March too6. The leader was condemned to death in the emir's See also:court and executed in the See also:market place of Sokoto, and the incident was chiefly interesting for the display of loyalty to the British administration which it evoked on all sides from the native rulers. (See also NIGERIA FULA; and HAUSA.)
See the Travels of Dr Barth (See also:London 1857) ; See also:Lady See also:Lugard, A Tropical Dependency (London, 1905) ; P. L. See also:Monteil, De See also:Saint Louis a See also:Tripoli See also:par le See also:lac Tchad (See also:Paris, 1895) ; C. H. See also:- ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
- ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
- ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
- ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
- ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
- ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
- ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)
Robinson, Hausaland (London, 1896) ; The See also:Annual Reports on Northern Nigeria, issued since 1 by the Colonial See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office, London; See also:Sir F. D. Lugard, " Northern Nigeria," in Geo. Journ. vol. See also:xxiii., and See also:Major J. A. Burdon, " The Fulani Emirates," ibid. vol See also:xxiv. (beth London, 1904). Except the last-named See also:paper most of these authorities deal with many
other subjects besides the Fula. (F. L.
End of Article: SOKOTO
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