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See also:SONGHOI, SONRHAY, SURHAI , &c., a See also:great See also:negroid See also:race inhabiting a large See also:tract of See also:country on both See also:banks of the See also:middle See also:Niger. They formed a distinct See also:state from the 8th to the 16th See also:century, being at one See also:period masters of See also:Timbuktu (q.v.) and the most powerful nation in the western See also:Sudan. The origin of this See also:people, who are said still to number some two millions, though their See also:national See also:independence is lost, has been a source of much dispute. Heinrich See also:Barth, who has given the fullest See also:account of them, reckoned them as See also:aborigines of the Niger valley; but he also tried to connect them with the Egyptians. The people them-selves declare their See also:original See also:home to have been to the eastward, but it seems unlikely that they or their culture are to be connected at all with the See also:Nile valley. According to the Tarik a Sudan, a 17th century See also:history of the Sudan written by Abderrahman Sadi of Timbuktu, the first See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the Songhoi was called Dialliaman (Arabic Dia See also:min al Jemen, " he is come from See also:Yemen "), and the account given in this Arabic See also:manuscript leaves little doubt that he was an Arab adventurer who, as has been frequently the See also:case, became See also:chief of a See also:negro people and led them westward. The Songhoi See also:emigration must have begun towards the middle of the 7th century, for See also:Jenne, their chief See also:city, was founded one See also:hundred and fifty years after the See also:Hejira (about A.D. 765), and it represents the extreme western point in their progress. From a hundred to a hundred and twenty years would be about the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time which must be allowed for the years of wandering and those of See also:settlement and occupation in the Songhoi countries. In the See also:north they have mixed with the Ruma " See also:Moors," and in the See also:south with the See also:Fula. The Songhoi, then, are probably Sudanese negroes much mixed with See also:Berber and even Arab See also:blood, who settled among and crossed with the natives of the Niger valley, over whom they See also:long ruled.
In their physique they See also:bear out this theory. Although often as See also:black as the typical See also:West See also:African, their faces are frequently more refined than those of pure negroes. The See also:nose of the Songhoi is straight and long, pointed rather than See also:flat; the lips are comparatively thin, and in See also:profile and See also:jaw -See also:projection they are easily distinguishable from the well-known nigritic type. They are tall, well-made and slim. In See also:character, too, they are a contrast to the merry See also:light-heartedness of the true negro. Barth says that of all races he met in negroland they were the most morose, unfriendly and churlish. The Songhoi See also:language, which, owing to its widespread use, is, with See also:Hausa, called Kalam al Sudan (" language of the Sudan") by the See also:Arabs, is often known as Kissur. According to See also:Friedrich See also:- MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
- MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
- MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
- MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
- MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
- MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
- MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
- MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
- MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
- MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)
Muller it resembles in structure none of the neighbouring See also:tongues,
though its vocabulary shows Arab See also:influence. See also:Keane states that the language " has not the remotest connexion with any See also:form
of speech known to have been at any time current in the Nile valley."
See Heinrich Barth, Travels and Discoveries in See also:Northern and Central See also:Africa (1857–1858) ; A. H. Keane, See also:Man Past and See also:Present (See also:Cambridge, 1899); Brix See also:Forster in Globus, lxxi. 193; See also:Felix See also:Dubois, Timbuctoo the Mysterious (1897); See also:Lady See also:Lugard, A Tropical Dependency (1905).
End of Article: SONGHOI, SONRHAY, SURHAI
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