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Cefalu, 50 to 70 M. E. of Palermo. In the frassinetti or plantations the of manna. The manna of the present day appears to have been unknown before the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, although a See also:

mountain in Sicily with the Arabic name Gibelman, i.e. " manna mountain," appears to point to its collection there during the See also:

period that the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island was held by the See also:

SARACENS

Saracens, 827-1070. In the 16th century it was collected in See also:

CALABRIA

Calabria, and until recently was produced in the Tuscan See also:

MAREMMA (a corruption of Marittima, " situated on the sea ")

Maremma, but none is now brought into commerce from Italy, although the name of See also:

TOLFA

Tolfa, a See also:

TOWN

town near Civita Vecchia, is still applied to an inferior variety of the See also:

drug. Various other kinds of manna are known, but none of these has been found to contain mannite.

Alhagi manna (See also:

Persian and Arabic See also:

tar-angubin, also known as terendschabin) is the produce of Alhagi maurorum, a small, spiny, leguminous plant, growing in See also:

ARABIA

Arabia, Asia Minor, See also:

PERSIA

Persia, See also:

AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, See also:

BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan and See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

India. This manna occurs in the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of small, roundish, hard, dry tears, varying from the See also:

SIZE

size of a See also:

MUSTARD

mustard See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed to that of a See also:

CORIANDER

coriander, of a See also:

LIGHT

light-See also:

brown See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, sweet See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and See also:

SENNA (Arab. sand)

senna-like odour. The spines and pods of the plant are often mixed with it. It is collected near See also:

KANDAHAR

Kandahar and See also:

HERAT

Herat, and imported into India from See also:

CABAL (through the Fr. cabale from the Cabbala or Kabbalah, the theosophical interpretation of the Hebrew scriptures)

Cabal and Kandahar. See also:

TAMARISK

Tamarisk manna (Persian gaz-angubin, tamarisk See also:

HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey) exudes in See also:

JUNE

June and See also:

JULY

July from the slender branches of Tamarix gallica, See also:

var. mannifera, in the form of honey-like drops, which, in the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold ternperature of the early See also:

MORNING

morning, are found in the solid See also:

state. This secretion is caused by the puncture of an See also:

INSECT

insect, Coccus manniparus. In the valleys of the See also:

peninsula of See also:

SINAI

Sinai, especially in the Wady el-See also:

SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

Sheikh, this manna (Arabic See also:

man), is collected by the See also:

ARABS

Arabs and sold to the monks of St See also:

Catherine, who See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply it to the pilgrims visiting the See also:

CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent. It is found also in Persia and the See also:

PUNJAB

Punjab, but does not appear to be collected in any quantity. This See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of manna seems to be alluded to by See also:

HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (vii. 31). Under the same name of gaz-angubin there are sold commonly in the Persian bazaars See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round cakes, of which a See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief ingredient is a manna obtained to the south-See also:

west of Ispahan, in the See also:

month of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, by shaking the branches or scraping the stems of Astragalus florulentus and A. adscendens.' Shir Khist, a manna known to writers on materia medica in the 16th century, is imported into India from Afghanistan and See also:

Turkestan to a limited extent; it is the produce of See also:

COTONEASTER

Cotoneaster nummularia (See also:

ROSACEAE

Rosaceae), and to a less extent of Atraphaxis spinosa (See also:

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonaceae); it is brought chiefly from Herat. ' See Bombay Lit.

Tr., vol. i. See also:

art. 16, for details as to the gazangubin. A See also:

COMMON

common Persian sweetmeat consists of See also:

wheat-See also:

FLOUR

flour kneaded with manna into a thick See also:

PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste. See also:

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak manna or Gueze-elefi, according to Haussknecht, is collected from the twigs of Quercus Vallonia and Q. persica, on which it is produced by the puncture of an insect during the month of August. This manna occurs in the state of agglutinated tears, and forms an See also:

OBJECT

object of some See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry among the wandering tribes of See also:

KURDISTAN

Kurdistan. It is collected before sunrise, by shaking the grains of manna on to See also:

LINEN

linen cloths spread out beneath the trees, or by dipping the small branches in hot See also:

WATER

water and evaporating the See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution thus obtained. A substance collected by the inhabitants of See also:

LARISTAN

Laristan from Pyrus glabra strongly resembles oak manna in See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance. Australian or See also:

EUCALYPTUS

Eucalyptus manna is found on the leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis, E. Gunnii, var. rubida, E. pulverulenta, &c. The Lerp manna of See also:

AUSTRALIA

Australia is of See also:

animal origin. - See also:

BRIANCON

Briancon manna is met with on the leaves of the common See also:

LARCH (from the Ger. Larche, M.H.G. Lerche, Lat. larix)

Larch (q.v.), and bide-khecht on those of the See also:

WILLOW (Salix)

willow, Salix fragilis; and a kind of manna was at one See also:

time obtained from tae See also:

CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar. The manna of the Biblical narrative, notwithstanding the miraculous circumstances which distinguish it from anything now known, answers in its description very closely to the tamarisk manna.

. See See also:

Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal See also:

PLANTS

Plants (1880) ; See also:

WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt, See also:

DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Economic Products of India, under " Manna " (1891). For analyses see A. See also:

EBERT, FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1791-1834)

Ebert, Abst. J.C.S., 1909, 96, p. 176.

End of Article: MANNA

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