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soil, as in raspberry; or by shoots produced from the roots, as in cherry or plum. The scrambling of the brambles and roses is effected by means of prickles on the branches and See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-stalks. The leaves, which are arranged alternately, are See also:

SIMPLE

simple, as in apple, cherry, &c., but more often See also:

compound, with leaflets palmately arranged, as in strawberry and species of Potentilla, or pinnately arranged, as in the brambles, roses, See also:

mountain ash, &c. A difference in this respect often occurs in one and the same genus, as in Pyrus, where apple (P. See also:

MALUS, ETIENNE LOUIS (1775-1812)

Malus), and pear (P. communis) have simple leaves, whereas mountain ash or rowan (P. aucuparia) has pinnately compound leaves. Inwarm climates the leaves are often leathery and See also:

EVERGREEN

evergreen. The leaves are stipulate, the stipules being sometimes small and shortlived, as in Pyrus and Prunus (cherry, plum, &c.), or more important structures adnate to the base of the leaf-stalk, as in roses, brambles, &c. The See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, which are See also:

REGULAR

regular, generally bisexual, and often showy, are sometimes See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne singly, as in some species of See also:

rose, or of the See also:

CLOUDBERRY

cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), or few or more together in a corymbose manner, as in some roses, See also:

hawthorn and others. The inflorescence in See also:

AGRIMONY (from the Lat. agrimonia, a transformation of apye,uUwn, a word of unknown etymology)

agrimony is a raceme, in Poterium a dense-flowered spike, in Spiraea a number of cymes arranged in a corymb.

The parts of the flowers are arranged on a 5-merous See also:

plan, with generally considerable increase in the number of stamens and carpels. The shape of the thalamus or floral receptacle, and the relative position and number of the stamens and carpels and the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the fruit, vary widely and form distinguishing features of the suborders, six of which may be different recognized. I. Spiraeoideae is characterized by a See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat or slightly Suborder See also:

CONCAVE

concave receptacle on which the carpels, frequently five in number, form a central whorl; each ovary contains several ovules, and the fruit is a follicle. There are five sepals, five petals and the stamens vary from ten to indefinite. The plants are generally shrubs with simple or compound leaves and racemes or panicles of numerous small See also:

white, rose or See also:

PURPLE

purple flowers. This suborder, which is nearly allied to the See also:

order See also:

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Saxifragaceae, contains 17 genera, chiefly See also:

north temperate in See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution. The largest is Spiraea, numerous species of which are cultivated in gardens; S. salicifolia occurs in See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain apparently See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild in plantations, but is not indigenous. The native British meadow-sweet (S. Ulmaria) and See also:

DROPWORT

dropwort (S. Filipendula) have been placed in a See also:

SEPARATE

separate genus, Ulmaria, and included in the Rosoideae on See also:

account of their one-seeded fruit. Quillaja sapondria is the Chilean See also:

SOAP

soap See also:

tree; the bark contains saponin.

Suborder II. Pomoideae is characterized by a deep See also:

CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-shaped receptacle with the inner See also:

wall of which the five or fewer carpels are See also:

UNITED

united (fig. 1, 3) ; the carpels are also united with each other, and each contains generally two ovules. The fruit is made up of the large fleshy receptacle surrounding the ripe ovaries, the endocarp of which is leathery or stony and contains one seed. The plants are shrubs or trees with simple or pinnately compound leaves and white or rose-coloured often showy flowers, with five sepals and petals and indefinite stamens. The 14 genera are distributed through the north temperate See also:

ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, extending southwards in the New See also:

WORLD

World to the See also:

ANDES

Andes of See also:

Peru and See also:

CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile. The largest genus, Pyrus, with about 50 species, includes apple (P. Malus), pear (P. communis) (fig. 2), wild service (P. torminalis), rowan or mountain-ash (P. aucuparia), and white See also:

beam (P. See also:

ARIA (Ital. for " air ")

Aria). Mespilus (See also:

MEDLAR

medlar) and See also:

COTONEASTER

Cotoneaster are also included. (See separate articles for most of the-above.) Suborder III.

Rosoideae is characterized by the receptacle being See also:

CONVEX

convex and swollen (fig. 1, I), as in strawberry, or' cup-shaped, as in rose (fig. 4), and bearing numerous carpels, each of which contains one or two ovules, while the fruit is one-seeded and indehiscent. The 39 genera are grouped in tribes according to the form of the receptacle and of the fruit. The Potentilleae See also:

bear the carpels on a large, rounded or convex outgrowth of the receptacle. In the large genus Rubus (fig. 3) the ripe ovaries form drupels upon the dry receptacle; the genus is almost cosmopolitan, but the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of species occur in the See also:

FOREST

forest region of the north temperate zone and in the mountains of tropical See also:

AMERICA

America. R. fruticosus is See also:

BLACKBERRY, or BRAMBLE

blackberry, R. Idaeus, raspberry, and R. Chamaemorus, cloudberry. In the See also:

flower of Potentilla, Fragaria (See also:

STRAW

straw-See also:

berry) and a few allied genera an epicalyx is formed by stipular structures arising at the base of the sepals. The fruits consist of numerous dry achenes borne in Fragaria on the much-enlarged PJlanzenjamilien, from Strasburger's Le/aback der Bolanik, by permission of Gustav See also:

Fischer.

1 in Naliirl. After Focke succulent See also:

TORUS

torus, which in the other genera is dry. In Geum (avens) and Dryas (an See also:

ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic and alpine genus) the See also:

style is persistent in the After Wossidlo, from Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Botanik, by permission of Gustav Fischer. fruit, forming a feathery appendage (Dryas) or a barbed awn (avens), either of which is of service in distributing the fruit. The Potentilleae are chiefly north temperate, arctic and alpine plants. After Wossidlo, from Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Botanik, by permission of Gustav Fischer. The Roseae comprise the large genus See also:

Rosa, characterized by a more or less See also:

URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn-shaped torus (fig. 4) enclosing the numerous carpels which form dry one-seeded fruits enveloped in the See also:

bright-coloured fleshy torus. The numerous stamens surround the mouth of the torus. The plants are shrubs bearing prickles on the stems and leaves; many species have a scrambling habit resembling the brambles. The species of Rosa, like those of Rubus, are extremely variable, and a See also:

GREAT

great number of subspecies, varieties and forms have been described. The Sanguisorbeae are a reduced form of Rosoideae.

The dry one-seeded fruit is enclosed in the urn-shapedtorus, which, however, is dry and inconspicuous, and the number of carpels is much reduced, sometimes to one (See also:

FIGS

figs. 2, 5, 6). Petals are often wanting, as in Alchemilla (See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady's r..r, See also:

MANTLE

mantle) and Paterium, and the flowers are often unisexual and frequently See also:

wind-pollinated, as in See also:

SALAD (Med. Lat. salata, salted, pickled, salare, to sprinkle with salt)

salad See also:

burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), where the small flowers are crowded in heads, the upper See also:

PISTIL

pistil-See also:

LATE

late, with protruding feathery stigmas, and the See also:

LOWER

lower staminate (or bisexual), with exserted stamens. Agrimonia (agrimony) has a long spike of small honeyless flowers with yellow petals; in the fruit the torus becomes hard and crowned by hooked bristles which ensure the distribution of the enclosed achenes. Suborder IV. Neuradoideae contains only two genera of See also:

DESERT

desert-inhabiting herbs with yellow flowers; and the five to ten carpels are united together and with the base of the cup-shaped torus, which enlarges to form a dry covering See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the one-seeded fruits. Suborder V. Prunoideae (fig. 7) is characterized by a See also:

FREE

free solitary carpel with a terminal style and two pendulous ovules, and the fruit a one-seeded drupe. The torus forms a cup from the edge of which See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the five sepals, five alter- nating petals and the ten to indefinite stamens. The plants are See also:

DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs with simple leaves, often with small See also:

CADUCOUS (Lat. caducus)

caducous stipules, and racemes or umbels of generally showy, white or See also:

PINK

pink flowers. There are five genera, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which is Prunus, to which belong the plum (Prunus communis), with several well-marked subspecies—P. spinosa (sloe or blackthorn), P. insititia (bullace), P. domestica (wild plum), the See also:

ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond (P.

Amygdalus), with the nearly allied See also:

peach (P. persica), cherry (P. Cerasus), birdcherry (P. Padus) and cherry After Wossidlo from Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Botanik, by permission of Gustav Fischer. through longitudinally; 3, fruit in See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal See also:

section. See also:

LAUREL

laurel (P. Laurocerasus). The tribe is distributed through the north temperate zone, passing into the tropics. Suborder VI. Chrysobalanoideae resembles the last in having a single free carpel and the fruit a drupe, but differs in having the style basal, not terminal, and the ovules ascending, not pendulous; the flowers are also frequently zygomorphic. The 12 genera are tropical evergreen trees or shrubs, the great majority being See also:

South See also:

AMERICAN

American. The zygomorphic flowers indicate an See also:

affinity with the closely allied order See also:

LEGUMINOSAE

Leguminosae. B After Duchartre, from Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Botanik, by permission of Gustav Fischer.

6 See also:

GRAM

gram of Sanguisorba. b, bract; a', O', bracte- oles; d, disk.

End of Article: ROSACEAE

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