PHOENICIA , in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

31), Achzib (now ez-Zib, ibid.), Ahlab (in Assyrian Mahalhba, ibid.)—three towns on the coast south of Tyre, Kanah (Josh. xix. 28), Tyre (Phoen. S(5r, now Sur), Zarephath i or Sarepta (1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Curiously enough in Gen. x. Sidon, the " first-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

Nos. 61-63). They passed through various modifications in the course of time; after leaving the See also:

• MOTHER

3) the Phoenicians, who had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

2, 1907). The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

Another city on the sea is called a haven, D'ar (Tyre) is its name, See also:

• WATER

; Jeremias, See also:

• DES

By settling along the Syrian coast they See also:

• DEVELOPED

In the Homeric poems we meet with Iu3bvun, Zu3ovirt (Od. iv. 618; Il. vi. 290; Od. xiii. 285; II. Vi. 291) and d?oivcxes, rl^ocvircrl (Od. xiii. 272, xiv. 288 seq., &c.), and both terms together (Od. iv. 83 seq., H. xxiii. 743 seq.)2 And the Phoenicians themselves used Sidonians as a general name; thus in the oldest Phoenician inscription known (CIS. i. 5=NSI., No. 11), Hiram II. king of Tyre in the 8th century is styled " king of the Sidonians." But among the Greeks " Phoenicians " was the name most in use,'Foivuces (plur. of 4 oivc) for the See also:

• PEOPLE

Pnonuxx). The former was probably the older word, and may be traced to 4oLvbs=" See also:

• BLOOD

5), almost all the inscriptions are subsequent ' Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions (elsewhere abbreviated NSI.), No. 149 B. 8. 2 In this passage " Phoenicians " is a general name for See also:

• CARRIERS

Phonizier, 13 sqq., and Winkler, Keilinschr. u. d. A. T., 3rd ed., 127. *A vocabulary is given in KAT.', 652 seq.; see further BShh, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

The successors of Ramses III. lost their hold over Canaan; the XXIst Dynasty no longer intervened in the affairs of Syria; but Sheshonk (Shishak), the founder of the XXIInd Dynasty, about 928 B.C. endeavoured to assert the ancient supremacy of Egypt (cf. t Kings xiv. 25 sqq.), but his successes were not lasting, and, as we learn from the Old Testament, the power of Egypt became henceforward practically ineffective. Not until 6o8 did a Pharaoh (Necho) See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

1M1elkarth or Melqarth) and See also:

• ASTARTE

7; Acts xii. 20; Jos. Ant. xiv. Io, 6); finally, in return for the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

In 876 B.C. See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

II) is engraved upon the fragments of a See also:

• BRONZE

87). But Elulaeus, according to Menander, suppressed the revolt of Citium, and early in the reign of See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib, however, so far accomplished his See also:

• OBJECT

229). In Phoenicia, as elsewhere, Assyrian rule created nothing and left nothing behind it but a record of barbarous conquest and See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

For a different explanation see Landau; Beitr. z. Altertumsk. d. Or. vol. i., followed by Winckler, Altor. Forsch. ii. 65 sqq.; these scholars take Menander to refer to the later See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

161; Diod. Sic. i. 68). Some of the Phoenician chiefs, among them Ithobal II., the new king of Tyre, while forced to yield to a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

The king appointed by Nebuchadrezzar was Baal II. (574–564), after whose death a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Even when cut off from its possessions on the mainland the city itself was not captured; its seafaring trade went on; and though by degrees the colonies were lost, yet the ties of race and sentiment remained strong enough to bind the Phoenicians of the mother-country to their kindred beyond the seas. Constitution.—At this point it is convenient to mention what little is known about the constitution of the Phoenician states. All Canaanite See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

During Nebuchadrezzar's time, as we have seen, a republic took the place of the monarchy at Tyre, and the government was administered by a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

206; S. I. See also:

• CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR (1812-1894)
• CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892)

13) ; Berytus, which had no king of its own, probably formed with Byblus a single kingdom; while Tripolis consisted of a federation of three cities separated by a See also:

• STADIUM

(in Phoen. 'Abd-'ashtart or Bod-'ashtart) was king, c. 374-362. He cultivated friendly relations with See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

2). Straton made See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

From the time of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

149.to obtain much information. The native inscriptions, however, now become available, though most of them belong to the period which follows, and only a few have been discovered in Phoenicia itself. One of the earliest of these is the inscription of Byblus (CIS. i. 1=NSI. No. 3), dating from the Persian period; it records a See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

It is not unlikely that Zech. ix. 2-4 refers to this famous siege. For the time Tyre lost its political existence, while the foundation of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

A special See also:

• INTEREST

4, 5, 6 and App. i.)' The last-named texts imply that the first king of this dynasty was Eshmun-'azar; his son Tabnith succeeded him; then came Eshmun-'azar II., who died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

At last in the time of See also:

• TIGRANES, or DIKRAN

No. 9; Clermont Ganneau, Recueil, t. v.). After the death of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes in 164 B.c., revolts and adventurers made their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

See also:

• POMPEY

To the great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

This was in the 12th century B.C. The Tyrian trader saw that his opportunity was come, and the Aegean lay open to his merchant vessels. Where much is still obscure, all that seems certain is that the antiquity of Phoenicia as a sea and trading power has been greatly exaggerated both in ancient and in modern times; the Minoan power of See also:

• CNOSSUS

107); these articles of commerce were mainly produced not in Arabia, but in East Africa and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

It may be noted that the traditional or conjectural dates based upon the list of the Thalassocracies preserved by Eusebius carry us back to the 12th century B.C. See See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

For effective See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

Homer represents the Phoenicians as present in Greek See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

35).• From Gadeira (Punic Gader, Lat. Gades, now See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)