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ancient settlements on the Phoenician coast; but nothing more than the name is known of. it till B.C. 140, when the town was taken and destroyed by Tryphon in his contest with See also:

ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus VII. for the See also:

THRONE

throne of the Seleucids. It duly passed under See also:

Rome, was much favoured by the Herods and became a colonia.

It was famous for its See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, especially that of See also:

law, from the 4th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D. onwards. Justinian recognized it as one of the three See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official law schools of the See also:

EMPIRE

empire (A.D. 533), but within a few years, as the result of a disastrous See also:

EARTHQUAKE

earthquake (551), the students were transferred to See also:

SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon. In the following century it passed to the See also:

ARABS

Arabs (635), and was not again a See also:

Christian See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city till 1111, when See also:

Baldwin captured it. See also:

SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin retook it in 1187, and thenceforward, for six centuries and a See also:

HALF

half, whoever its nominal lords may have been, Saracen, Crusader, See also:

MAMELUKE (anglicized through the French, from the Arabic mantluk, a slave)

Mameluke or (from the 16th century) Turk, the Druse emirs of Lebanon dominated it (see DRUSES). One of these, Fakr ed-Din Maan II., fortified it See also:

early in the 17th century; but the See also:

TURKS

Turks asserted themselves in 1763 and occupied the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place. During the succeeding See also:

EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of See also:

REBELLION

rebellion at Acre under Jezzar and Abdullah pashas, Beirut declined to a small town of about Io,000 souls, in dispute between the Druses, the Turks and the pashas,—a See also:

state of things which lasted till See also:

IBRAHIM

Ibrahim See also:

PASHA

Pasha captured Acre in 1832. When the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers moved against the Egyptians in 1840, Beirut had recently been occupied in force by Ibrahim as a menace to the Druses; but he was easily driven out after a destructive See also:

BOMBARDMENT

bombardment by See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

Sir See also:

Robert Stopford (1768-1847). Since the pacification of the Lebanon after the See also:

MASSACRE

massacre of the Christians in 186o (for later See also:

HISTORY

history, see LEBANON), Beirut has greatly increased in extent, and has become the centre of the transit See also:

trade for all See also:

SOUTHERN

southern Syria. In 1894 a See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, constructed by a See also:

French See also:

COMPANY

company, was opened, but the insecurity of the See also:

OUTER

outer roadstead militates against its success. Nevertheless trade is on the increase. In 1895 a French company completed a railway across the Lebanon to See also:

DAMASCUS

Damascus, and connected it with Mezerib in the Hauran, whence now starts the See also:

LINE

line to the See also:

HEJAZ (H1JAz)

Hejaz.

Since 1907 it has also had railway communication with See also:

ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo; and a narrow-See also:

GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge line runs up the coast to Tripoli. The steepness of the Lebanon railway, and the break of gauge at Rayak, the junction for Aleppo, have prevented the diversion of much of the trade of See also:

North Syria to Beirut. The town has been supplied with See also:

WATER

water, since 1875, by an See also:

ENGLISH

English company, and with See also:

gas, since 1888, by a French company. There are many See also:

AMERICAN

American and See also:

EUROPEAN

European institutions in the city: the American Presbyterian See also:

MISSION

mission, with a girls' school and a See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, which published the Arabic See also:

TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

Bible, and now issues a weekly See also:

paper and See also:

standard See also:

WORKS

works in Arabic; the Syrian See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college with its theological See also:

SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, medical See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, training college and astronomical See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory; the Scottish mission, and St George's See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute for Moslem and Druse girls; the See also:

BRITISH

British Syrian mission schools; the See also:

German See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, orphanage and boarding school; the French hospital and schools, and the Jesuit " Universite de St See also:

Joseph " with a printing office. In summer most of the richer residents reside on the Lebanon, and in See also:

winter the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the Lebanon and many Lebanon notables inhabit houses in Beirut. The town has many See also:

FINE

fine houses, but the streets are unpaved and the bazaars mean. The Moslem inhabitants, being in a minority, have often shown themselves fanatical and turbulent. There are several fairly See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good hotels for tourists. (C.W. W. ; D. G.

End of Article: BEIRUT

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