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CNOSSUS , Knossos, or GNOSSUS, an See also:ancient See also:city of See also:Crete, on the See also:left See also:bank of the Caeratus, a small stream which falls into the See also:sea on the See also:north See also:side of the See also:island. The city was situated about 3 M. from the See also:coast, and, according to the old traditions, was founded by See also:Minos, See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Crete. The locality was associated with a number of the most interesting legends of See also:Greek See also:mythology, particularly with those which related to See also:Jupiter, who was said to have been See also:born, to have been married, and to have been buried in the vicinity. Cnossus was also assigned as the site of the See also:labyrinth in which the See also:Minotaur was confined. The truth behind these legends has been revealed in See also:recent years by the excavations of Dr See also:Evans. As the See also:historical city was peopled by See also:Dorians, the See also:manners, customs and See also:political institutions of its inhabitants were all Dorian. Along with See also:Gortyna and Cydonia, it held for many years the supremacy over the whole of Crete; and it always took a prominent See also:part in the See also:civil See also:wars which from See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to time desolated the island. When the See also:rest of Crete See also:fell under the See also:Roman dominion, Cnossus shared the same See also:fate, and became a Roman See also:colony. See also:Aenesidemus, the sceptic philosopher, and See also:Chersiphron, the architect of the See also:temple of See also:Diana at See also:Ephesus, were natives of Cnossus.
The Site.—As the excavations at Cnossus are discussed at length in the See also:article CRETE, it must suffice here briefly to enumerate the more important. The See also:chief See also:building is the See also:Great See also:Palace, the so-called " See also:House of Minos," the excavation of which by See also:Arthur Evans See also:dates from 1900: a number of rooms lying See also:round the central paved See also:court, oriented north and See also:south, have been identified, among them being the See also:throne-See also:room with some well-preserved See also:wall paintings and a small bathroom attached, in the north-See also:west See also:quarter a larger bathroom and a See also:shrine, and residential See also:chambers in the south and See also:east. The latter part of the palace is composed of a number of private rooms and halls, and is especially remarkable for its skilful drainage and See also:water-See also:supply systems.
In 1907 excavations on the south side of the palace showed that the See also:plan was still incomplete, and a See also:southern cryptoporticus, and outside it a large south-west building, probably an See also:official See also:residence, were discovered. Of See also:special See also:interest was a huge circular cavity under the southern See also:porch into which the sub-structures of the palace had been sunk. This cavity was filled with rubbish, sherds, &c., the latest of which was found to date as far back as the beginning of the See also:Middle Minoan See also:age, and the later See also:work of 1908 only proved (by means of a small See also:shaft sunk through the debris) that the See also:rock See also:floor was 52 ft. below the See also:surface. The first See also:attempt to reach the floor by a cutting in the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill-side proved abortive, but the operations of 1910 led to a successful result. The cavity proved to be a great See also:reservoir approached by a rock-cut See also:staircase and of See also:Early Minoan date.
In 1904-1905 a paved way See also:running due west from the middle of the palace was excavated, and found to See also:lead to another building described as the "Little Palace" largely buried under an See also:olive See also:grove. The first excavations showed that this building was on the same See also:general plan and belonged to the same See also:period as the " House of Minos," though somewhat later in actual date (17th See also:century B.C.). Large halls, which had subsequently been broken up into smaller apartments, were found, and among a great number of other See also:artistic remains one See also:seal-impression of special interest showing a one-masted See also:ship carrying a thorough-bred horse—perhaps representing the first importation of horses into Crete. A remarkable shrine with fetish idols was also discovered. The sacred See also:Double-See also:Axe See also:symbol is prominent, as in the greater palace. By the end of 1910 the excavation of this smaller palace was practically completed. It was found to See also:cover an See also:area of more than 9400 ft. with a frontage of more than 13o ft., and See also:hart rive See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone staircases. One See also:object of special interest found
in the course of excavation is a See also:black steatite See also:vessel in the See also:form of a See also:bull's See also:head. The modelling is of a very high See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, and the one See also:eye which remains perfect is cut out of rock crystal, with the See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil and See also:iris marked by See also:colours applied to the See also:lower See also:face of the crystal.
The work of excavation in the palace has been complicated by the See also:necessity of propping up walls, floors and staircases. In some instances it has been found necessary to replace the See also:original wooden pillars by pillars of stone. Again in the " See also:Queen's See also:Megaron " in the east wing of the Great Palace it was found that the exposure of the remains to the violent extremes of Cretan See also:weather must soon prove fatal to them. It was therefore decided to restore the columns and part of the wall, and to roof over the whole area.
For recent excavations see R. M. Burrows, The Discoveries in Crete (1907); A. Mosso, The Palaces of Crete (1907); See also:Lagrange, La Crete ancienne (1908) ; Dr. Evans's reports in The Times, Oct. 31, 1905, See also:July 15, 1907, Aug. 27, 1908, and 1909 (See also:Index) ; D. See also:Mackenzie, Cretan Palaces.
End of Article: CNOSSUS
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