See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

There is no more delightful See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

There are in modern galleries very few statues of Greek divinities, including such as were intended for architectural decoration, which are in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

The art of sculpture, of which coin-See also:

• ENGRAVING

After what has been said it is not necessary to do more than mention how greatly the study of coins tends to illustrate the Ltterseure. contemporary literature of the nations which issued them. Not only the historians, but the philosophers and the poets, are constantly illustrated by the money of their times. This was perceived at the revival of letters; and during the 17th and 18th centuries coins were very frequently engraved in the larger See also:

• EDITIONS

1. A coin is a piece of metal of a fixed See also:

• WEIGHT

On these questions see Blanchet, Monn. See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

6. Brass, a mixture of copper and See also:

• ZINC

Coins are usually measured by millimetres, or by inches and tenths, the greatest See also:

• DIMENSION (from Lat. dimensio, a measuring)

A difference too small to constitute a new type makes a variety. 15. A coin is a duplicate of another when it agrees with it in all particulars but those of exact See also:

• SIZE

Any detached See also:

• INDEPENDENT

A head properly means the representation of a head alone, without any part of the neck, but it is also commonly used 2 Hist. nat. xxxiii. 23; cp. See also:

• XXXVII

A bust or head is either facing, usually three-See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

29. A See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

Then, again, some numismatists have separated each See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

Roman Coins.—All coins issued by the Roman commonwealth and empire, whether struck at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

It differs in some important particulars from most or all of those which have previously obtained; but these very See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

The obverse ordinarily bears a head in bold See also:

• RELIEF

Phoenician silver shekel, 7.44 g. ='6 of 111.72 g. of silver, which was equivalent to 8.4 g. of gold. Babylonian or Persic silver shekel, 11.17 g. =ylp of 11I.72 g. of silver, which was equivalent to 8.4 g. of gold. Thus one gold shekel was the equivalent of 15 Phoenician or Io Babylonian silver shekels. Side by side with this system was another in which the weights were exactly double of those just given; a shekel of the heavier system might be regarded as a double shekel of the lighter. Various Babylonian weights are extant, dating from 2000 B.C. downwards, which prove the existence of minae of the two systems. The gold shekel standard was almost invariably used for gold coins, sometimes also for electrum. The Babylonian and Phoenician standards were also sometimes used for gold or electrum as well as silver. A weight more or less approaching that of the gold shekel or its multiples seems to have been usual all over the civilized world in Greek times; e.g. the Phocaean standard of 16.52 g. was but a modification of it. But for silver in Greece proper, from a very early period, the following standards prevailed: the Aeginetic (unit, didrachm or stater, of 12.6 g.) and the Euboic-See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

It was used for both gold and silver. The Corinthian standard differed only in its divisional system, the stater being divided into thirds instead of halves. From it were derived some of the standards in use among the Greeks of S. Italy. Other standards of more local importance were : the Campanian, used in a large part of S. Italy (didrachm originally of 7.41 g., afterwards reduced), and perhaps derived from 872 the Phoenician; the Rhodian (instituted about 400 B.c., tetra-drachm about 15 g.) ; and the cistophoric (from about 200 B.C., with a tetradrachm of about 12.73 g.). Denomina- The following table exhibits the weights in grammes boas. of the principal denominations of the Greek systems The term stater is usually applied to the didrachm, but also to the tetradrachm, and at See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

It was only with the increased complexity of the denominations in later times, when new distinguishing types had to be found, that—as in the 4th century B.c.—the religious See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

Natural or artificial objects—(a) See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

Objects local hero, as public religious festivals and contests, as at the Olympic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

The second great class—that of coins of kings bearing portraits —is necessarily separate from the first. Religious feeling affords the See also:

• CLUE

Double shekel, distater or tetradrachm 16.80 22.40 14'92 25'20 17'44 Shekel, stater or didrachm . 8'4o II.20 7'46 12.60 8.72 Hemistater or drachm 4.20 5.60 3'73 6.30 4'36 Third or tetrobol 2.80 3.73 2'49 4'48 2.92 Twelfth or obol 0.70 0.93 o•62 1.12 0.73 connected with heroes—animal connected with the Calydonian boar or his jaw-bone (Aetolians). 8. Celebrated real or traditional sacred localities, as mountains on which divinities are seated, the labyrinth (Cnossus). 9. Representations connected with the a See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

They are almost all bronze; and those in that metal are the Rraeco most characteristic and important. In their types we Roman. . see a further departure from the religious intention of those of earlier times in the rare See also:

• ADMISSION

As, however, these coloniae were towns in all parts of the empire, from Emerita in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)