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action of the public Sanitary Association the streets, which are narrow and crooked, have been re-paved as well as cleaned and partially lighted, and several new roads have been made outside the town. In some of the older streets European shops have replaced the picturesque native cupboards; drinking See also:

DENS, PETER (1690-1775)

dens have sprung up at many of the corners, while telephones and electric See also:

LIGHT

light have been introduced by private companies, and European machinery is used in many of the See also:

corn-See also:

mills, &c. The See also:

main thoroughfare leads from Bab el Marsa (See also:

GATE

Gate of the See also:

PORT

Port) to the Bab el Sok (Gate of the See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market-See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place) known to the English as Port See also:

Catherine. The sok presents a lively spectacle, especially upon Thursdays and Sundays. Tangier is almost destitute of manufactures, and while the See also:

trade, about 750,000 a See also:

YEAR

year, is considerable for Morocco, it is confined chiefly to imports, about two-fifths of which come from See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Gibraltar, and one quarter from See also:

France. The exports are chiefly oxen, See also:

MEAT

meat, fowls and eggs for Gibraltar and sometimes for See also:

Spain, with occasional shipments of slippers and blankets to See also:

EGYPT

Egypt. Most of the trade, both wholesale and See also:

RETAIL

retail, is in the hands of the See also:

Jews (see further MoRocco). The See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour formed by the Bay of Tangier- is an extensive one, the best Morocco possesses, and See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good in all weathers except during a strong See also:

east See also:

wind, but vessels of any See also:

SIZE

size have to See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor a mile or so out as the See also:

SHORE

shore to the See also:

west is shallow and sandy, and to the east, rocky and shingly. Since 1907 a See also:

basin with an See also:

OUTER

outer and inner mole has been built.

It does not, however, accommodate large vessels. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is temperate and healthy, and good for consumptives. As the seaport nearest to See also:

EUROPE

Europe, Tangier is the town in the See also:

EMPIRE

empire in which the effects of progress are most marked, and since the end of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it See also:

hag been the See also:

DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic headquarters. The See also:

NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of a See also:

COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan society thus formed has See also:

EXPANDED

expanded into a powerful community enjoying privileges and immunities unknown to natives not receiving its See also:

PROTECTION

protection. The steadily increasing number of visitors has induced the opening of first-class hotels, and necessitated extensive See also:

BUILDING

building operations, resulting in the See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of some thousands of artisans, chiefly See also:

SPANISH

Spanish. The number of European inhabitants (19o5) was about 9000 (7500 Spaniards); of Jews about 10,000. The See also:

ROMAN

Roman Tingis, which stood in the immediate vicinity of the site of Tangier, was of great antiquity; under See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus it became a See also:

FREE

free See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and when See also:

OTHO, MARCUS SALVIUS (32-69)

Otho placed the western See also:

HALF

half of See also:

MAURETANIA

Mauretania under a See also:

PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator, he called it Mauretania Tingitana after its See also:

capital Tingis. It was held by See also:

VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals, Byzantines and See also:

ARABS

Arabs, and when Mulai Idris passed from See also:

TLEMCEN

Tlemcen to See also:

FEZ (Fes)

Fez in 788, Tangier was " the See also:

OLDEST

oldest and most beautiful city " of the Maghrib. After many futile attempts the Portuguese obtained See also:

possession of it in 1471, but it passed to Spain in 1580, returning again to the Portuguese in 1656. In 1662 as See also:

PART

part of the See also:

DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. dowarie, O. Fr. douaire, Med. Lat. dotaria, from Lat. dos; from root of dare, to give; in Fr. dot)

dowry of Catherine of See also:

BRAGANZA (Braganca)

Braganza on her See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage to See also:

Charles II., it came into the possession of the English, and they defended it against Mulai See also:

ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail in 168o, but in 1684 it was decided, on See also:

account of expense, to abandon the place to the See also:

Moors. El Ufrani writes that " it was besieged so closely that the Christians had to flee on their vessels and See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape by sea, leaving the place ruined from bottom to See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top." It was bombarded in 1844 by the See also:

French, then at See also:

war with Morocco. In the See also:

early years of the 20th century the sharif Raisuli terrorized the See also:

DISTRICT

district See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Tangier and made See also:

CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive several Europeans.

As one result of the See also:

ALGECIRAS, or ALGEZIRAS

Algeciras See also:

CONFERENCE

conference of 1906 a See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force was organized, and the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the customs passed into European hands (see Moxocco: § See also:

HISTORY

History). See A.

End of Article: TANGIER (locally TANJAH)

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TANGYE, SIR RICHARD (1833-1906)