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MALIC ACID (HYDROXYETHYLENE SUCCINIC ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 489 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MALIC See also:

ACID (HYDROXYETHYLENE SUCCINIC ACID), CIHSO5 , an organic acid found abundantly in the juices of many See also:plants, particularly in See also:mountain-ash berries, in unripe apples and in grapes. The acid See also:potassium See also:salt is also found in the leaves and stalks of See also:rhubarb. Since the acid contains an See also:asymmetric See also:carbon See also:atom, it can exist in three' forms, a dextro-rotatory, a laevo-rotatory and an inactive See also:form; the acid obtained in the various synthetical processes is the inactive form. It may be prepared by See also:heating racemic acid (see TARTARIC ACID) with fuming hydriodic acid; by heating fumaric acid (q.v.) with See also:water at 150--200° C.; by the See also:action of nitrous acid on inactive aspartic acid; and by the action of moist See also:silver See also:oxide on monobromsuccinic acid. It forms deliquescent crystals, which are readily soluble in See also:alcohol and melt at See also:loo° C. When heated for some See also:time at 13o° C. it yields fumaric acid (q.v.), and on rapid heating at 18o° C. gives maleic anhydride and fumaric acid. It yields coumarins when warmed with sulphuric acid and phenols (H. v. Pechmann, Ber., 1884, 17, 929, 1649 et seq.). Potassium bichromate oxidizes it to malonic acid; nitric acid oxidizes it to oxalic acid; and hydriodic acid reduces it to succinic acid. The inactive variety may be split into the component active forms by means of its cinchonine salt (G. J. W.

See also:

Bremer, Ber., 188o, 13, 352).

End of Article: MALIC ACID (HYDROXYETHYLENE SUCCINIC ACID), CIHSO5

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