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present) can be folded. Cerci absent. Four or six Malpighian tubes. Larva campodeiform or eruciform. Pupa free. Includes the beetles and the parasitic Stylopidae, often regarded as a distinct order (Strepsiptera). (See COLEOPTERA.) Order: Mecaptera. Biting mandibles; first maxillae elongate; second maxillae completely fused.

Prothorax small. Two pairs of similar, membranous wings, with predominantly See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal neuration. Six Malpighian tubes. Larva eruciform. Pupa free. Cerci present. Includes the single See also:

FAMILY

family of Panorpidae (See also:

SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion-flies), often comprised among the See also:

NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

Neuroptera. Order: Trichoptera. Mandibles present in pupa, vestigial in imago; maxillae suctorial without specialization; first maxillae with lacinia, galea and palp. Prothorax small. Two pairs of membranous, See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair-covered wings, with predominantly longitudinal neuration. Larvae aquatic and eruciform.

Pupa free. Six Malpighian tubes. Cerci absent. Includes the caddis-flies. See NEUROPTERA, among which these See also:

INSECTS

insects were formerly comprised. Order: See also:

LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera. Mandibles absent in imago, very exceptionally present in pupa; first maxillae nearly always without laciniae and often without palps, or only with vestigial palps, their galeae elongated and grooved inwardly so as to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form' a sucking See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk. Prothorax small. Wings with predominantly longitudinal neuration, covered with flattened scales. Fore-wings larger than hind-wings. Cerci absent. Four (rarely 6 or 8) Malpighian tubes.

Larvae cruciform, with rarely more than five pairs of abdominal prolegs. Pupa free in the lowest families, in most cases incompletely or completely obtect. Includes the moths and butterflies. See LEPIDOPTERA. Order: See also:

DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera. Mandibles rarely present, adapted for piercing; first maxillae with palps; second maxillae forming with hypopharynx a suctorial See also:

PROBOSCIS

proboscis. Prothorax small, intimately See also:

UNITED

united to mesothorax. Fore-wings well See also:

DEVELOPED

developed ; hind-wings reduced to stalked knobs (" halteres "). Cerci present but usually reduced. Four Malpighian tubes. Larvae eruciform without thoracic legs, or vermiform without See also:

head-See also:

CAPSULE (from the Lat. capsula, a small box)

capsule. Pupa incompletely obtect or free, and enclosed in the hardened cuticle of the last larval instar (puparium).

Includes the two-winged flies (see DIPTERA), which may be divided into two sub-orders: I. Orthorrhapha: Larva eruciform. Cuticle of pupa or puparium splitting longitudinally down the back, to allow See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of imago. Comprises the midges, gnats, See also:

crane-flies, See also:

gad-flies, &c. 2. Cyclorrhapha: Larva vermiform (no head-capsule). Puparium opening by an anterior " lid." Comprises the hover-flies, flesh-flies, bot-flies, &c. Order: Siphonaptera. Mandibles fused into a piercer; first maxillae developed as piercers; pips of both pairs of maxillae present ; hypopharynx wanting. Prothorax large. Wings absent or vestigial. Larva eruciform, limbless.

Includes the fleas. Order: See also:

Hymenoptera. Biting mandibles; second maxillae incompletely or completely fused; often forming a suctorial proboscis. Prothorax small, and united to mesothorax. First abdominal segment united to See also:

META

meta-thorax. Wings membranous, fore-wings larger than hind-wings. Ovipositor always well developed, and often modified into a sting. Numerous (20-150) Malpighian tubes (in rare cases, 6-12 only). Larva eruciform, with seven or eight pairs of abdominal prolegs, or entirely legless. Pupa free. Includes two sub-orders-- I. Symphyta: See also:

ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

Abdomen not basally constricted.

Larvae cater-pillars with thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs. Comprises the saw-flies. 2. Apocrita: Abdomen markedly constricted at second segment. Larvae legless grubs. Comprises See also:

gall-flies, See also:

ICHNEUMON (Gr. ixveu)

ichneumon-flies, ants, wasps, bees.

End of Article: PTE RA

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PTARMIGAN (Lagopus mutus or alpinus)

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PTERIA (mod. Boghaz Keui)