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species, many of them showing extraordinary modifications of the dentition, which have been discovered in tropical Africa, especially in the See also:

GREAT

great lakes See also:

Victoria, See also:

TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

Tanganyika and See also:

NYASA

Nyasa. About I&o species are known from Africa (with Syria and See also:

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar), 150 from America, and 3 from India and Ceylon., They were formerly known under the inappropriate name of Chromides. These See also:

fish are further remarkable for, their See also:

NURSING

nursing habits. It was formerly believed that the male takes See also:

charge of the eggs` and later the See also:

young, by sheltering them in the mouth and pharynx. This may still be true of some of the See also:

AMERICAN

American species, but a See also:

long See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

RECENT

recent observations have shown that this most efficacious parental care devolves invariably on the See also:

FEMALE

female in the See also:

AFRICAN

African and Syrian species. We are now acquainted with a large number of species in which this extraordinary See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit has been observed, the number having lately been greatly increased by the collections made in Lakes Tanganyika and v Ictoria. L. Lortet had described a fish from See also:

Lake See also:

TIBERIAS

Tiberias in which he believed he had observed the male take up the eggs after: their deposition and retain them in his mouth and pharynx long after eclosion, in fact until the young are able to shift for themselves, and this fish he named Chromis paterfamilias. A. See also:

GUNTHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1695-1723)

Gunther had also ascribed the same See also:

SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex to a fish from See also:

NATAL

Natal, Chromis philander, observed by N. See also:

ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham to have similar habits.

G. A. Boulenger has since had an opportunity to examine the latter specimen and found it to be a female, as in all other nursing individuals from various parts of Africa, previously observed by himself; whilst J. Pellegrin has acertained the female sex of a specimen with eggs in the mouth presented to the See also:

Paris museum by L)rtet as his Chromis paterfamilias (= Tilapia simonis). Further observations by Pellegrin on Tilapia galilaea and Pelmatochromis lateralis, by E. Schoeller on Paratilapia multicolor, have led to the same result. It therefore remains unproven whether in any of the African. Cichlidae the buccal " See also:

INCUBATION

incubation," as it has been called by Pellegrin, devolves on the male; the instances previously adduced being unsupported by the only trustworthy evidence—an examination of the genital glands. The relative See also:

SIZE

size and number of the eggs thus taken charge of vary very much according to the species. Thus they may be moderately large and numerous (Too to 200) in Tilapia nilotica and galilaea, larger and only about 30 in number in Paratilapia multicolor, while in Tropheus moorii, a fish measuring only no mm., the eggs filling the mouth and pharynx measure 4 mm. in See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and are only four in number, they being proportionally the largest Teleostome eggs known. In Paratilapia pfefferi, a fish measuring 75 mm., the eggs found in the pharynx were only about a dozen in number, and they measure 22 mm. in diameter. In Tilapia dardennii, which grows to a length of 240 mm., a See also:

SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of eggs fills the mouth and pharynx, and each See also:

MEASURES

measures 5 to 6 mm. in diameter, an enormous size for so small a fish.

Pellegrin has made the interesting observation on Tilapia galilaea that while the eggs are developing in the bucc3-pharyngeal cavity the ovarian eggs are rapidly growing towards maturity, so that afresh deposition of ova may almost immediately follow the See also:

RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of the young fishes from maternal care. (G. A.

End of Article: CICHLID (Cichlidae)

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