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JOVINIANUS , or JovIANus, a See also:Roman See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk of heterodox views, who flourished during the latter See also:half of the 4th See also:century. All our knowledge of him is derived from a passionately hostile polemic of See also:Jerome (Adv. Jovinianum, Libri II.), written at See also:Bethlehem in 393, and without any See also:personal acquaintance with the See also:man assailed. According to this authority Jovinian in 388 was living at See also:Rome the celibate See also:life of an. ascetic monk, possessed a See also:good acquaintance with the See also:Bible, and was the author of several See also:minor See also:works, but, undergoing an heretical See also:change of view, after-wards became a self-indulgent Epicurean and unrefined sensualist. The views which excited this denunciation were mainly these: (I) Jovinian held that in point of merit; so far as their domestic See also:state was concerned, virgins, widows and married persons who had been baptized into See also:Christ were on a precisely equal footing; (2) those who with full faith have been regenerated in See also:baptism cannot be overthrown (or, according to another See also:reading) tempted) of the See also:devil; (3) to abstain from meats is not more praiseworthy than thankfully to enjoy them; (4) all who have preserved their baptismal See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace shall receive the same See also:reward in the See also:kingdom of See also:heaven.' Jovinian thus indicates a natural and vigorous reaction against the exaggerated'See also:asceticism of the 4th century, a protest shared by Helvidius and See also:Vigilantius. He was condemned by a Roman See also:synod under See also:Bishop See also:Siricius in 390, and afterwards excommunicated by another at See also:Milan under the See also:presidency of See also:Ambrose. The See also:year ofhis See also:death is unknown, but he is referred to as no longer alive in Jerome's Contra Vigilantium (406).
End of Article: JOVINIANUS
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