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long antennae and legs, two-jointed, two-clawed tarsi, and usually a pair of abdominal tubes through which a waxy secretion is exuded. These tubes were formerly supposed to secrete the sweet substance known as "See also:

HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-See also:

dew " so much sought after by ants; but this is' now known to come from the alimentary See also:

canal. Both winged and wingless forms of both sexes occur, and the wings when See also:

PRESENT

present are normal in number, that is to say two pairs. Apart from their importance from the economic standpoint, Aphides are chiefly remarkable for the phenomena connected with the See also:

PROPAGATION

propagation of the See also:

SPECIES

species. The following brief See also:

SUMMARY

summary of what takes See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the plant-See also:

LOUSE (O. Eng. leis, cf. Du. luis, Ger. Laus, Dan. and Swed. lus)

louse of the See also:

rose (Aphis rosae), may be regarded as typical of the See also:

FAMILY

family, though exceptions occur in other species: Eggs produced in the autumn by fertilized See also:

FEMALES

females . remain on the plant through the See also:

winter and hatching in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring give rise to See also:

FEMALE

female individuals which may be winged 'or wingless. From these females are See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born parthenogenetically, that is to say without the intervention of See also:

MALES

males, and by a See also:

PROCESS

process that has been compared to See also:

INTERNAL

internal bud-ding, large See also:

numbers of See also:

young resembling their parents in every particular except See also:

SIZE

size, which themselves reproduce their See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in the same way. This process continues throughout the summer, See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation after generation being produced until the number of descendants from a single individual of the spring-hatched brood may amount to very many thousands. In the autumn winged males appear, See also:

union between the sexes takes place and the females See also:

lay the fertilized eggs which are destined to carry the species through the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold months of winter. If, however, the See also:

food-plant is grown in a conservatory where See also:

PROTECTION

protection against cold is afforded, the aphides may go on reproducing agamogenetically without cessation for many years together. Not the least interesting features connected with this See also:

STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

LIFE

life-See also:

HISTORY

history are the facts that the young may be born by the oviparous or viviparous methods and either gamogenetically or agamogenetically, and may develop into winged forms or remain wingless, and that the males only appear in any number at the See also:

close of the See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season. Although the factory which determine these phenomena are not clearly understood, it is believed that the See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the males is connected with the increasing cold of autumn and the growing scarcity of food, and that the See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of winged females is similarly associated with decrease in the quantity or vitiation of the quality of the nourishment imbibed. Sometimes the winged females migrate from the plant they were born on to start fresh colonies on others often of quite a different kind.

Thus the See also:

APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple blight (Aphis mali) after producing many generations of apterous females on its typical food-plant gives rise to winged forms which fly away and See also:

settle upon grass or See also:

corn-stalks. Closely related to the typical aphides is See also:

PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

Phylloxera vastatrix; the See also:

INSECT

insect which causes enormous loss by attacking the -leaves and roots of vines. Its life-history is somewhat similar to that of Aphis rosae summarized above. In the autumn a single fertile See also:

egg is laid by apterous females in a crevice of the bark of the See also:

VINE

vine where it is protected during the winter. From this egg' in the spring emerges an apterous female who makes a See also:

gall in the new See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf and See also:

LAYS

lays therein a large number of eggs. Some of the apterous young that are hatched from these See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form fresh See also:

GALLS

galls and continue to multiply in the "leaves, others descend to the See also:

root of the plant, becoming what are known as root-forms. These, like the See also:

PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent form of spring, reproduce parthenogenetic-ally, giving rise to generation after generation of egg-laying individuals. In the course of the summer, from some of these eggs are hatched females which acquire wings and lay eggs from which wingless males and females are born. From the union of the sexes comes the fertile egg from which the parent form of spring is hatched. See generally G. B. Buckton, See also:

BRITISH

British Aphides (See also:

Ray See also:

Soc.

18 6 1883) ; also ECONOMIC See also:

ENTOMOLOGY (Gr. iv-roµa, insects, and Xiryos, a discourse)

ENTOMOLOGY. (R. I.

End of Article: APHIDES (pl. of Aphis)

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APHEMIA (from Gr. a, without, and 4 nµrl, speech)

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