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annual as in pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) (fig. 1), but generally perennial as in Primula, (After Wossidlo. From Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Bolanik, by permission of Gustav See also:

Fischer.) 1, Flowering See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch. 3, See also:

CAPSULE (from the Lat. capsula, a small box)

Capsule. 2, A See also:

flower cut through longi- 4, See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

Seed. tudinally, showing the central 2, 3, 4, Enlarged. See also:

PLACENTA (Lat. for a cake)

placenta. where the plant persists by means of a sympodial rhizome, or in See also:

CYCLAMEN

Cyclamen by means of a tuber formed from the swollen hypocotyl. The leaves See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical rosette as in Primula (See also:

PRIMROSE

primrose, cowslip, &c.), or there is a well-See also:

DEVELOPED

developed aerial See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem which is erect, as in species of Lysimachia, or creeping, as in Lysimachia Nummularia (creeping jenny or See also:

MONEY

money-wort). Hottonia (See also:

WATER

water See also:

VIOLET

violet) is a floating water plant with submerged leaves cut into See also:

FINE

fine linear segments.

The leaves are generally See also:

SIMPLE

simple, often with a toothed margin; their arrangement is alternate, opposite or whorled, all three forms occurring in one and the same genus Lysimachia. The See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are solitary in the See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-axils as in pimpernel, money-wort, &c., or umbelled as in primrose, where the umbel is sessile, and cowslip, where it is stalked, or in racemes or spikes as in species of Lysimachia. Each flower is subtended by a bract, but there are no bracteoles, and corresponding with the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the latter the two first developed sepals stand right and See also:

LEFT

left (fig. 2). The flowers are hermaphrodite and See also:

REGULAR

regular with parts in See also:

FIVES

fives (pentamerous) throughout, though exceptions from the pentamerous arrangement occur. The sepals are leafy and persistent; the corolla is generally divided into a longer or shorter See also:

TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube and a See also:

LIMB

limb which is spreading, as in primrose, or reflexed, as in See also:

DIAGRAM

Diagram of a typical Cyclamen; in Soldanella it is See also:

bell-shaped; in sower of Pruuula- Lysimachia the tube is often very See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, the ceae• petals appearing almost See also:

FREE

free; in Glaux the petals are absent. The five stamens See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from the corolla-tube end are opposite to its lobes; this anomalous position is generally explained by assuming that an See also:

OUTER

outer whorl of stamens opposite the sepals has disappeared, though sometimes represented by scales as in Samolus and Soldanella. Another explanation is based on the See also:

LATE

late See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the petals in the floral development and their origin from the backs of the primordia of the stamens; it is then assumed that three alternating whorls only are See also:

PRESENT

present, namely, sepals, stamens bearing petal-like dorsal outgrowths, and carpels. The See also:

SUPERIOR

superior ovary—See also:

HALF

half-inferior in Samolus—bears a simple See also:

style ending in a capitate entire stigma, and contains a free-central placenta bearing generally a large number of ovules, which are exceptional in the See also:

GROUP

group Gamopetalae in having two integuments. The See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is a capsule dehiscing by 5 sometimes ro See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth or valves, or sometimes transversely (a pyxidium) as in Anagallis. See also:

CROSS

Cross See also:

POLLINATION

pollination is often favoured by dimorphism of the flower, as shown in species of Primula (fig. 3).

The two forms have See also:

long and short styles repectively, the stamens occupying corresponding positions half-way down or at the mouth of the corolla-tube; the long-styled flowers have smaller See also:

POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen-grains, which correspond with smaller stigmatic papillae on the short styles. The order is divided into five tribes by characters based on See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in position of the ovules—which are generally semianatropous so that the seed is peltate with the hilum in the centre on one See also:

side (or ventral), but sometimes, as in Hottonia and (From Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Botanik.) L, Long-styled flowers. P, Pollen grains, and N, stig- K, Short-styled flowers. matic papillae of long-styled G, Style. form. S, Anthers. p, n, See also:

DITTO (from the Lat. dictum, something said, Ital. detto, aforesaid)

Ditto of short-styled form. (P, N, p, n.) Samolus, anatropous with the hilum basal—together with the method of dehiscence of the capsule and the relative position of the ovary. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief British genera are Primula, including P. vulgaris, primrose, P. veris, cowslip, P. elatior, oxlip, and the small alpine species P. forinosa, with mealy leaves; Lysimachia, loose strife, including L. Nummularia, money-wort; Anagallis, pimpernel; and Hottonia, water violet.

End of Article: PRIMULACEAE

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