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CASTRUCCIO CASTRACANI DEGLI ANTELMINELLI (1281-1328) , See also:duke of See also:Lucca, was by See also:birth a Lucchese, and by descent and training a Ghibelline. Being exiled at an See also:early See also:age with his parents and others of their See also:faction by the Guelphs, then in the ascendant, and orphaned at nineteen, he served as a See also:condottiere under See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip IV. of See also:France in See also:Flanders, later with the See also:Visconti in See also:Lombardy, and in 1313 under the Ghibelline See also:chief, Uguccione della Faggiuola, See also:lord of See also:Pisa, in central See also:Italy. He assisted Uguccione in many enterprises, including the See also:capture of Lucca (1314) and the victory over the Florentines at See also:Montecatini (1315). An insurrection of the Lucchese having led to the See also:expulsion of Uguccione and his party, Castruccio regained his freedom and his position, and the Ghibelline See also:triumph was presently assured. Elected lord of Lucca in 1316, he warred incessantly against the Florentines, and was at first the faithful adviser and stanch supporter of See also:Frederick of See also:Austria, who made him imperial See also:vicar of Lucca in 1320. After the See also:battle of Muhlbach he went over to the See also:emperor See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis the Bavarian, whom he served for many years. In 1325 he defeated the Florentines at Altopascio, and was appointed by the emperor duke of Lucca, Pistoja, See also:Volterra and Luni, and two years later he captured Pisa, of which he was made imperial vicar. But, subsequently, his. relations with Louis seem to have grown less friendly and he was afterwards excommunicated by the papal See also:legate in the interests of the Guelphs. At his See also:death in 1328 the fortunes of his See also:young See also:children were wrecked in the Guelphic triumph.
Niccolo See also:Machiavelli's See also:Life of Castruccio is a See also:mere See also:romance; it was translated into See also:French, with notes, by See also:Dreux de Radier in 1753. See Niccolo Negrini, Vita di Castruccio (See also:Modena, 1496) ; Winkler's Castruccio, See also:Herzog von Lucca (See also:Berlin, 1897) ; also Gino See also:Capponi's Storia di Firenze, and G. See also:Sforza, Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli in Lunigiana (Modena, 1891); S. de See also:Sismondi, Histoire See also:des republiques italiennes (See also:Brussels, 1838).
End of Article: CASTRUCCIO CASTRACANI DEGLI ANTELMINELLI (1281-1328)
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