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SFORZA , the name of a famous See also:Italian See also:family. They were descended from a See also:peasant See also:condottiere, Giacomo or Muzio (some-times abbreviated into Giacomuzzo) Attendolo, who was See also:born at Cotignola in the Romagna on the loth of See also:June 1369, gained command of a See also:band of adventurers by whom he had been kid-napped, took the name of Sforza in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, became See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable of See also:Naples under See also:Joanna II., fought bravely against the Spaniards, served See also:Pope See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin V., by whom he was created a See also:Roman See also:count, and was drowned on the 4th of See also:January 1424 in the See also:Pescara near See also:Aquila while engaged in a military expedition. His natural See also:sou See also:FRANCESCO (1401–1466) succeeded in command of the condottieri, and showed military See also:genius and See also:political acumen. He served the- See also:Visconti against the Venetians and then the Venetians against the Visconti; he attacked the pope, deprived him of the Romagna, and later defended him; he married in 1441 Bianca, the only daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, See also:duke of See also:Milan, and received See also:Pontremoli and See also:Cremona as See also:dowry and the promise of See also:succession to the duchy of Milan. The See also:short-lived Ambrosian See also:republic, which was established by the Milanese on the See also:death of Visconti (1447), was overthrown by Francesco,who made his triumphal entry as duke of Milan on the 25th of See also:March 1450. He suppressed a revolt at See also:Piacenza, formed See also:close alliances with Cosmo de' See also:Medici and with See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XI. of See also:France, and exercised authority over See also:Lombardy, several districts See also:south of the Po and even See also:Genoa. He rebuilt the fortress of Porta Giovio and constructed the See also:Great See also:Hospital and the See also:canal of the Martesana, which connects Milan with the See also:Adda; and his See also:court, filled with Italian scholars and See also:Greek exiles, speedily became one of the most splendid in See also:Italy. His daughter Ippolita was renowned for her Latin discourses.
Francesco See also:left several sons, among whom were Galeazzo Maria, Lodovico, surnamed the See also:Moor, and Ascagnio, who became a See also:cardinal.
GALEAllO MARIA, who succeeded to the duchy, was born in 1444, and was a See also:lover of See also:art, eloquent in speech, but dissolute and cruel. He was assassinated at the See also:porch of the See also:cathedral on the 26th of See also:December 1476 by three See also:young Milanese noblemen desirous of imitating See also:Brutus and See also:Cassius. His daughter Caterina is separately noticed. GIAN GALEAllO (1469-1494), son of Galeazzo, succeeded to the duchy under the regency of his See also:mother, See also:Bona of See also:Savoy, who was supplanted in her See also:power (1481) by the boy's See also:uncle, Lodovico the Moor. Gian Galeazzo married See also:Isabella of See also:Aragon, granddaughter of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Naples, and his sudden death was attributed by some to See also:poison administered by the See also:regent. His daughter, BONA SFORZA (1493-1557), married King See also:Sigismund of See also:Poland in 1518. She displayed remarkable ability in See also:government, built castles, See also:schools and hospitals, but increased corruption and intrigue at the See also:Polish court. She was accused of having killed her daughter-in-See also:law, the wife of Sigismund See also:Augustus. On the death of her See also:husband she returned to Italy and was poisoned (1557) by her paramour Pappacoda.
LODOVico THE MOOR [Lodovico it See also:Moro] (1451-1508), who is famed as See also:patron of Leonardo da See also:Vinci and other artists, had summoned See also:Charles VIII. of France to his aid (1494) and received the ducal See also:crown from the Milanese nobles on the 22nd of See also:October in the same See also:year, but finding his own position endangered by the See also:French policy, he joined the See also:league against Charles VIII., giving his niece Bianca in See also:marriage to See also:Maximilian I. and receiving in return imperial See also:investiture of the duchy. Lodovico was driven from Milan by Louis XII. in 1499, and although reinstated for a short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time by the Swiss he was eventually delivered over by them to the French (See also:April 1500) and died a prisoner in the See also:castle of See also:Loches. FRANCESCO, the son of Gian Galeazzo, was also taken to France by Louis XII., became See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot of Marmoutiers, and died in 1511.
The two sons of Lodovico, MASSIMILIANO and FRANCESCO MARIA, took See also:refuge in See also:Germany; the former, was restored to the duchy of Milan by the Swiss in 1512, but after the overwhelming defeat of his See also:allies at Marignano (1515) he abandoned his rights to See also:Francis I. for a See also:pension of 30,000 ducats, and died at See also:Paris in 153o; the latter was put in See also:possession of Milan after the defeat of the French at La Bicocca in 1522, subsequently entered the Italian League against the See also:emperor Charles V., was unpopular on See also:account of oppressive See also:taxation, and his death (24th of October 1535) marked the extinction of the See also:direct male See also:line of the Sforza. The duchy went to Charles V.
The See also:dukes of Sforza-Cesarini and the See also:counts of See also:Santa Fiora are descended from See also:collateral branches of the Sforza family.
See J. See also:Burckhardt, The See also:Civilization of the See also:Renaissance in Italy, trans. by S. G. C. Middlemore (See also:London, 1898) ; J. A. See also:Symonds, See also:Age of the Despots (New See also:York, 1888) ; W. P. See also:Urquhart, See also:Life and Times of Francesco Sforza (2 vols., See also:Edinburgh, 1852) ; Mrs Julia Ady, See also:Beatrice d'See also:Este, duchess of Milan, 1475—1497 (London, 1905) ; F. See also:Calvi, Bianca Maria Sforza-Visconti e gli ambasciatori di Lodovico it Moro (Milan, 1888) ; A. Segre, Lodovico Sforza, duca di Milano," in R. Accad. d. Sci. Atli, vol. 36 (See also:Turin, 1901). There is a See also:critical bibliography by See also:Otto von Schleinitz in Zeitschrift See also:fur Bucherfreunde, vol. v. (See also:Bielefeld, 1901). (C. H.
End of Article: SFORZA
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