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See also:SISMONDI, See also:JEAN See also:CHARLES LEONARD DE (1773-1842) , whose real name was Simonde,was See also:born at See also:Geneva, on the 9th of May 1773. His See also:father and all his ancestors seem to have See also:borne the name Simonde, at least from the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time when they migrated from See also:Dauphine to See also:Switzerland at the revocation of the See also:edict of See also:Nantes. It was not till after Sismondi had become an author that, observing the identity of his See also:family arms with those of the once flourishing See also:Pisan See also:house of the Sismondi, and finding that some members of that house had migrated to See also:France, he assumed the connexion without further See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof and called himself De Sismondi. The Simondes, however, were themselves citizens of Geneva of the upper class, and possessed both See also:rank and See also:property, though the father was also a See also:village pastor. The future historian was well educated, but his family wished him to devote himself to See also:commerce rather than literature, and he became a banker's clerk at See also:Lyons. Then the Revolution See also:broke out, and as it affected Geneva the Simonde family took See also:refuge in See also:England, where they stayed for eighteen months (1793-1794). Disliking, it is said, the See also:climate, they returned to Geneva, but found the See also:state of affairs still unfavourable; there is even a See also:legend that the See also:head of the family was reduced to sell See also:milk himself in the See also:town. The greater See also:part of the family property was sold, and with the proceeds they emigrated to See also:Italy, bought a small See also:farm at See also:Pescia near See also:Lucca, and set to See also:work to cultivate it themselves. Sismondi worked hard here, both with his hands and his mind, and his experiences gave him the material of his first See also:book, Tableau de l'See also:agriculture toscane, which, after returning to Geneva, he published there in 18ot. In 1803 he published his Traite de la richesse coinmerciale, his first work on the subject of See also:political See also:economy, which, with some See also:differences of view, continued to See also:interest him to the end of his See also:life.
As an economist, Sismondi represented a humanitarian protest against the dominant orthodoxy of his time. In his first book he followed See also:Adam See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith, but in his See also:principal subsequent economic work, Nouveaux Principes d'economie politique (1810), he insisted on the fact that economic See also:science studied the means of increasing See also:wealth too much, and the use of wealth for producing happiness too little. He was not a socialist; but, in protesting against laisser faire and invoking the intervention of See also:government " to regulate the progress of wealth," he was an interesting precursor of the See also:German " socialists of the See also:chair."
Meanwhile he began to compile his See also:great Histoire See also:des Republiques Italiennes du moyen See also:age, and was introduced to Madame de See also:Stael. With her he became very intimate, and after beingregularly enrolled in the society of Coppet he was invited or commanded (for Madame de Stael's invitations had something of command) to See also:form one of the See also:suite with which the future Corinne made the See also:journey into Italy, resulting in Corinne itself during the years 1804-1805. Sismondi was not altogether at his ease here, and he particularly disliked See also:Schlegel, who was also of the See also:company. But during this journey he made the acquaintance of the countess of See also:Albany, Louisa of See also:Stolberg, widow of Charles See also:Edward, and all her life See also:long gifted with a singular See also:faculty of attracting the See also:affection (Platonic and other) of men of letters. She was now an old woman, and Sismondi's relations with her were of the strictly friendly See also:character, but they were See also:close and lasted long, and they produced much valuable and interesting See also:correspondence. In 1807 appeared the first volumes of the above mentioned book on the See also:Italian republics, which (though his See also:essay in political economy had brought him some reputation and the offer of a See also:Russian professorship) first made Sismondi prominent among See also:European men of letters. The completion of this book, which extended to sixteen volumes, occupied him, though by no means entirely, for the next eleven years. He lived at first at Geneva, and delivered there some interesting lectures on the literature of the See also:south of See also:Europe, which were continued from time to time and finally published; and he held an See also:official See also:post—that of secretary of the chamber of commerce for the then See also:department of Leman. In 1813 he visited See also:Paris for the first time, and See also:abode there for some time, mixing much in See also:literary society. Although a Liberal and in his earlier days almost an Anglomaniac, he did not welcome the fall of the See also:empire. During the See also:Hundred Days he defended See also:Napoleon's constitutional schemes or promises, and had an interview with the See also:emperor himself, which is one of the See also:chief events of a not very eventful life. After the Restoration he See also:left Paris. On completing (1817) his great book on the Italian republics, he undertook (1818) a still greater, the Histoire des See also:Francais, which he planned on a vast See also:scale, and of which during the remaining twenty-three years of his life he published twenty-nine volumes. His untiring See also:industry enabled him to compile many other books, but it is on these two that his fame chiefly rests. The earlier displays his qualities in the most favourable See also:light, and has been least injuriously affected by subsequent writings and investigations; but the Histoire des Francais, as a careful and accurate See also:sketch on the great scale, has now been superseded. Sainte-Beuve has with benevolent See also:sarcasm surnamed the author " the See also:Rollin of See also:French See also:History," and the praise and the blame implied in the comparison are both perfectly well deserved. In See also:April 1819 Sismondi married an See also:English See also:lady, See also:Miss See also:- ALLEN, BOG OF
- ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
- ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
- ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
- ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
- ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)
Allen, whose See also:sister was the wife of See also:Sir See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Mackintosh, and the See also:marriage appears to have been a very happy one. His later years were chiefly spent at Geneva, in the politics of which See also:city he took a great, though as time and changes went on a more and more chagrined, interest. Indeed, in his later days he became a See also:kind of reactionary. He died at Geneva on the 25th of See also:June 1842.
Besides the See also:works above mentioned he had executed many others, his See also:custom for a long See also:period of years being never to work less than eight See also:hours a See also:day. The chief of these are Litterature du midi de l'Europe (1813), an See also:historical novel entitled Julia Severa ou ran 492 (1822), Histoire de la See also:Renaissance de la liberte en Italie (1832), Ilistoire de la chute de rem/sire romain (1835), Precis de l'histoire des Francais, an abridgment of his own book (1839), with several others, chiefly political See also:pamphlets.
Sismondi's See also:journals and his correspondence with See also:Channing, with the countess of Albany and others have been published chiefly by Mlle. Mongolfier (Paris, 1843) and M. de See also:Saint-Rene See also:Taillandier (Paris, 1863). The latter work serves as the chief See also:text of two admirable Lundis of Sainte-Beuve (See also:September 1863), republished in the Nouveaux Lundis, vol. vi.
End of Article: SISMONDI, JEAN CHARLES LEONARD DE (1773-1842)
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