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government and other vessels, are made of hemp, but the jute fibre is extensively used for the same purpose, and almost entirely for coal sacks for See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

house supplies. The same type of fabric is used for See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool sacks, See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement bags, ore bags, See also:

PEA (Pisum)

pea sacks and for any heavy substance; it is also made up into a See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of bag for packing cops and rolls of jute and flax yarns for delivery from spinners to manufacturers. Proper sacking is essentially a twilled fabric, in which the number of warp threads per See also:

INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch greatly exceeds the number per inch of weft. The See also:

ILLUSTRATION

illustration shows a typical See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of three-See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf See also:

TWILL (connected with " two ")

twill, See also:

double warp sacking. All three-leaf twill sackings are double in the warp, but four-leaf sackings are single. They are usually 27 in. wide, but other widths are made. The See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

PART

part of the illustration shows four repeats of the three-leaf twill, while the lines See also:

DRAWN

drawn to the See also:

plan of the fabric show that each See also:

LINE

line of the See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design is reproduced in the See also:

CLOTH

cloth by two warp threads. The weft is single, but each one is usually about four times the See also:

WEIGHT

weight of the warp for the same length (about 8 lb warp and 32 lb weft). Large quantities of See also:

cotton sacks are made for See also:

FLOUR

flour, See also:

SUGAR

sugar and similar produce: these sacks are usually See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain cloth, some woven circular in the See also:

LOOM

loom, others made from the piece. Large quantities of seamless bags or sacks for See also:

LIGHT

light substances are woven in the loom, but these are almost invariably made with what is termed the double plain weave, i.e. the cloth, although circular except at the end, is perfectly plain on both sides.

Circular bags have been made both with three-leaf and four-leaf twills, but it is found much more convenient and economical to make the cloth for these kinds, and in most cases for all other types, in the piece, and then to make it up into sacks by one or other of the many types of sewing See also:

MACHINES

machines. The pieces are first cut up into definite lengths by special machinery, which may be perfectly automatic, or semiautomatic—usually the latter, as many thicknesses may be cut at the same See also:

time, each of the exact length. The lengths of cloth are then separately doubled up, the sides sewn by special sewing machines of the See also:

Laing or See also:

Union make (of which there are seven or eight different kinds for different types of bags), and the ends hemmed. It will thus be seen that the length required is twice the length of the sack plus the amount for hemming the mouth. The sack is now ready for delivery, unless the name of the owner, some See also:

trade See also:

mark, or other particulars are required to appear on it. These particulars are printed on in one or more See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours by the Kinmond and See also:

Kidd patent multicolour sack-See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

machine. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centres for these goods are See also:

Dundee and See also:

CALCUTTA

Calcutta, all varieties of sacks and bags being made in and around the former See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city. (T.

End of Article: SACKING AND SACK MANUFACTURE

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