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SACKBUT, SHAKBUSSHE, SAGBUT, DRAW

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Originally appearing in Volume V23, Page 975 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SACKBUT, SHAKBUSSHE, SAGBUT, DRAW Or See also:DRAWING See also:TRUMPET ' (See also:Scotland, draucht trumpet) or See also:FLAT TRUMPET (Fr. saquebute, saqueboute, cacbou,c, trompette h rrmonique; Ger. Posaune, Busaun, Pusin, See also:Zug-Trommet; ' Ital. tromba da tirarsi or tromba spezzata; Span. sacabuche; Dutch` bazuin Schuijferompette), the earliest See also:form of slide trumpet, which afterwards See also:developed into the See also:trombone. As soon as the `effect' of the slide in lengthening the See also:main See also:tube and therefore proportionally deepening the See also:pitch of the See also:instrument was under-stood; and its capabilities 'had been fully realized, the development of a See also:family of powerful See also:tenor and See also:bass See also:instruments followed as a See also:matter of course. It is not known exactly in what See also:country the principle of the slide was first discovered and applied to musical instruments; if it be not an See also:Oriental devioe, then the See also:credit is probably due to the See also:Netherlands or to See also:South See also:Germany before or during the 13th See also:century. The See also:early See also:history of the sackbut is among the most interesting of all instruments. Various attempts' have been made to See also:fix the See also:etymology of the word as derived from Span. 'sacabuche through See also:French: The Rev. F. W. See also:Gilpin 1 suggests a derivation from sacar, to draw out, and buche, identical with bucha (See also:Lat. buxus), used in the sense of a tube or See also:pipe originally of See also:boxwood. To accept' this etymology would be to lose sight of the fact that all the technical names applied to the sackbut in various See also:languages directly acknowledge its descent from the See also:buccina (q.v.), with the exception of See also:Italian,. in which the recognition is indirectly made through the synonym tromba. A See also:clue to the etymology of sacabuche is afforded by the well-known fact that not only did the See also:Arabs after the See also:conquest introduce oriental musical instruments by way of See also:Spain to western See also:Europe,, but the Arabic names also clung to the instruments in-many cases.

The Arabs had a military trumpet they called Buk'or Buque, a word they had borrowed from the Christians,2 and it is mentioned in a musical See also:

treatise of the 14th century (See also:Escorial MS. 69) among the musical instruments then in use in Spain. It has been claimed on philological grounds that See also:England derived her knowledge of the sackbut from See also:France, but the See also:oldest known form of the word in See also:English is shakbusshe, which occurs in the accounts of See also:Henry VII. " The Sackbut, its See also:Evolution and History,""in Proc.' See also:Mus. Assoc. See also:London (1906-1907). 2 See Edw. W.. See also:Lane, Arabic-English See also:Lexicon (London, 1863), bk. i. pt. i. p. 276. ' See W. H.

See also:

Black, See also:Sir N. H. See also:Nicolas, etc., Excerpta historica (London, 1833), p. 102. ' This question has been thoroughly investigated by the See also:late See also:Professor See also:George See also:Case in his See also:work on the trombone. ' See Felipe Pedrell, Organographia musical. See also:antigua espafiola, n. I16. 4 See also:Illustration in Du Sommerard, See also:Les Arts au moyen See also:age, See also:Atlas, pl. i. ch. xii. See See also:Hermann See also:Julius Hermann, " Zur Gesch. d. Miniaturmalerei am Hofe der See also:Este in See also:Ferrara," in Jahrb. d. Kunstsamml. d. allerhOcksten Kaiserhauses (See also:Vienna, 1900), bd. xxi. pL xiii. 4 Illustration in Du Sommerard, op. cit., See also:album, 4' aerie, pl. xvii.trombone consisted in bends, one of which pointed downwards and the other over the See also:shoulder, reaching to the level of the back of the See also:head; the third See also:branch was See also:bent over between the other two, but in a See also:plane almost at right angles above them, the See also:bell extending downwards beyond the first See also:bend.

See also:

Sack-buts of this type are to be seen in See also:Durer's picture in the See also:Nuremberg See also:town See also:hall, and in others by artists of the 15th century, as, for instance, in See also:Gentile See also:Bellini's Processiene in piazza S. Marco among the See also:band to the right of the picture. The further history and development of, the sackbut are given under TROMBONE. See also TRUMPET and BuccINA. (K. S.) SACKETT'S HARBOR, a See also:village in See also:Jefferson See also:county, New See also:York, U.S.A., at the eastern end of See also:Lake See also:Ontario, on the south See also:shore of Black See also:River See also:Bay, about 1 m. from its mouth, and about to m. W. by S. of See also:Watertown. Pop. (189o) 787; (1900) 1266; (1905) 903; (1910) 868. Sackett's Harbor is served by the New York Central & See also:Hudson River railway. It is built on See also:low See also:land, around a small, nearly enclosed See also:harbour, the See also:northern shore of which is formed by See also:Navy Point, a narrow See also:tongue of land extending about m. nearly due eastward from the mainland. About 1 m. to the W. by S. is See also:Horse See also:Island, approximately m. See also:long (See also:east and See also:west), and nearly as broad, only a few feet above the lake level and separated from the mainland by a. narrow strait, always fordable, and sometimes almost dry; at its eastern end is Sackett's Harbor Lighthouse.

The harbour is deep enough for the largest lake vessels. The village is a summer resort. At Sackett's Harbor are See also:

Madison See also:Barracks, a See also:United States military See also:post, established in 1813 and including a See also:reservation of 99 acres; and a. United States See also:Naval Station. In the post See also:cemetery is the See also:grave of See also:General Zebulon M. See also:Pike, who was killed at York (now See also:Toronto) on the 27th of See also:April 1813. The first See also:settlement was made in 18o1 by See also:Augustus, Sackett, and the village was incorporated in 1821. In the See also:War of 1812 Sackett's Harbor was an important strategic point for the Americans, who had here a naval station, Fort See also:Tompkins, at the See also:base of Navy Point, and Fort Volunteer, on the eastern See also:side of the harbour. In See also:July 1812 a See also:British See also:squadron unsuccessfully attempted to See also:capture a brig and See also:schooner in the harbour. From Sackett's Harbor See also:American expeditions against York (now Toronto) and Fort George respectively set out in April and May 1813; though scantily garrisoned it was successfully de-fended by General See also:Jacob See also:Brown (who had just taken command) against an attack, on the 29th of May, of Sir George See also:Prevost with a squadron under Sir See also:James See also:Lucas Yeo. The British losses were 259; the American 157, including Lieut.-See also:Colonel Electus Backus, See also:commander of the See also:garrison before General Brown's arrival. Almost all the American stores at the naval station were destroyed to See also:save them from the enemy.

The See also:

blockade of the harbour by Yeo was abandoned in See also:June 1814 after the defeat of a force from the squadron sent out to capture guns which were being brought from See also:Oswego to Sackett's Harbor to equip the " See also:Superior," an American See also:vessel launched on the 1st of May, and a smaller vessel nearly completed. Sackett's Harbor was the starting-point of a force of 700 men under a See also:Pole named von See also:Schultz, who in See also:November 1838, during the uprising in Upper See also:Canada (Ontario) attempted to invade Canada, was taken prisoner near See also:Prescott, was tried at See also:Kingston, being defended by Sir See also:John See also:Macdonald, and with nine of his followers was executed in Kingston in See also:December. for the 3rd of May 1495,1 and is obviously of See also:Spanish origin. Sackbut appears early in the 16th century. The word sacabuche was at some See also:time applied in Spain to the See also:ship's See also:pump; and the questions naturally arise, Which came first, and Was the musical instrument named after the pump from the See also:great resemblance in their respective actions as well as in outward form?' It is certainly significant that the Ital. tromba, from which sprang " trumpet " and " trombone," means a pump as well as a trumpet and the See also:trunk of an See also:elephant. Even if it could be proved beyond doubt that the slide had been applied to the trumpet before the word tromba was used for it, there would still remain several difficulties to be disposed of. (I) The word trumba, trumbin, trompe, already general in the romances of the See also:lath and 13th centuries, was at first applied to the tubas and curved horns, probably from the similar See also:curve of the elephant's trunk. (2) If tromba referred to the pump, it must have been applied to the slide trumpet, and tromba da tirarsi for " sackbut ' is senseless tautology. (3) The etymology given above from buk or buque, trumpet, supported by similarly compounded words in English, Scotch, Dutch, Italian, would have to be regarded as a See also:strange but not unparalleled philological co-incidence. The earliest instance yet discovered of the use of sacabuche as a musical instrument seems to be in the 14th century.' The transformation of the busine (buccina) into the sackbut involved two or three processes, the addition of the slide being accomplished in at least two stages. It was applied first to the straight busine made in three or four sections having rings or knobs at the See also:joints. The sliding portions or joints here doubtless served much as in our See also:modern See also:wood See also:wind instruments for tuning purposes or for changing the See also:key.

The long slide, added for the purpose of obtaining a diatonic See also:

compass, denoted a further step in the evolution. When applied to the straight busine it differed materially from the slide of the sackbut or trombone, for the normal position of the instrument was with the slide fully See also:drawn out, so that the knobs were equidistant; on the slide being gradually closed the pitch was proportionally raised in See also:order to fill in the gaps of the first fifth by new fundamentals, upon each of which the See also:harmonic See also:series would be obtainable. An example of this early use of the slide is to be found in a See also:miniature from a psalterium executed in the south of France during the 13th century, now preserved in the library of the university of See also:Munich (MS. 24, 4t0 fol. 96b). Here (fig. I) the per-former is represented playing on a busine in which two of the knobs or rings denoting the joints or sections are shown touching each other. The See also:hand is grasping the instrument just under the See also:lower See also:ring in the See also:act of pushing it up to See also:close the slide, as is indicated by the position of the See also:wrist. This is the earliest indication of the existence of the slide yet found by the writer, and the instrument, although straight, is one of the earliest sackbuts. The manipulation of the slide on the long straight busine must have been exceedingly difficult, requiring not only skill, but a long See also:arm. This led to the next step in the evolution, i.e. the bending of the tube in three parallel branches like a flattened S, an example of which, also of the 13th century, is found on some carved woodwork from the See also:abbey of See also:Cluny.4 The folding of the busine marks the See also:advent of the new See also:double slide, like a u, made to draw out and lower the pitch. This See also:radical See also:change did not come all at once, the intermediate step being the folding of the busine, with the old single slide, the whole S being drawn up and down, as the slide closed and opened again.

This interesting development is shown (fig. 2) in a miniature by Taddeo See also:

Crivelli in the Borso Bible6 (1450-1471). The two upper joints defined by rings are clearly drawn of larger calibre than the lower folded portion, which has been drawn out to what would approximately correspond to the third position on the trombone lowering the pitch one See also:tone. A single slide would require to be extended about twice the distance of the double or folded tube on the trombone to produce any given effect. This drawing of the sackbut must not be taken as showing the instrument in use in Crivelli's See also:day; it is clearly retrospective, for sackbuts in a more advanced See also:stage are not uncommon in See also:works of See also:art of the same century. In a MS.' preserved in the library of the See also:Arsenal in See also:Paris, executed for the See also:dukes of See also:Burgundy in the See also:middle of the 15th century, is seen a trumpet of the See also:cavalry type with a single straight slide drawn out so far that the bell rests on the performer's See also:foot (fig. 3). The last transition immediately preceding the change into the folding the tube to form two U-shaped See A. T. See also:Mahan, See also:Sea-See also:Power in its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols., See also:Boston, 1905) ; and See also:William See also:Kingsford, The History of Canada, vol. viii. (Toronto, 1895).

End of Article: SACKBUT, SHAKBUSSHE, SAGBUT, DRAW

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