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CELESTINES

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 601 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CELESTINES , a religious See also:

order founded about r 26o by See also:

Peter of Morrone, afterwards See also:

Pope See also:

Celestine V. (1294). It was an See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to unite the eremitical and cenobitical modes of See also:

LIFE

life. Peter's first disciples lived as hermits on See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Majella in the Abruzzi. The See also:

BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

RULE

rule was taken as the basis of the life, but was supplemented by regulations notably increasing the austerities practised. The See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

government was borrowed largely from those prevailing in the mendicant orders. Indeed, though the Celestines are reckoned as a See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines, there is little in See also:

COMMON

common between them. For all that, St Celestine, during his brief See also:

TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the papacy, tried to spread his ideas among the Benedictines, and induced the monks of See also:

MONTE

Monte Cassino to adopt his See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the monastic life instead of St See also:

Benedict's; for this purpose fifty Celestine monks were introduced into Monte Cassino, but on Celestine's See also:

ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of the papacy the project fortunately was at once abandoned. During the founder's lifetime the order spread rapidly, and eventually there were about 150 monasteries in See also:

Italy, and others in See also:

France, Bohemia and the See also:

NETHERLANDS

Netherlands. The See also:

French houses, twenty-one in number, formed a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation, the See also:

head-See also:

house being in See also:

Paris. The French Revolution and those of the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century destroyed their houses, and the Celestine order seems no longer to exist. Peter of Morrone was in See also:

close contact with the Franciscan Spirituals of the extreme type (see See also:

FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

FRANCISCANS), and he endeavoured to form an amalgamation between them and his hermits, under the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " Poor Hermits of Celestine." On his abdication the amalgamation was dissolved, and the Franciscan See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element fled to the See also:

East and was finally suppressed by See also:

Boniface VIII. and compelled to re-enter the Franciscan order.

The See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of the Celestines was See also:

black. See See also:

HELYOT, PIERRE (1660-1716)

Helyot, Histoire See also:

des ordres religleux (1792), vi. c. 23; Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen (1896), i. § 22, p. 134; the See also:

art. " Colestiner " in Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon (ed. 2), and See also:

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed. 3). (E. C.

End of Article: CELESTINES

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