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GRADE B

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 1035 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GRADE B . Metazoa. See also:

Branch a. Parazoa. Phylum'. Porifera (se- See also:SPONGES). Sub-phylum'. Calcarea. Class. CALCAREA. Orders : Homocoela, Heteracoela. Sub-phylum 2.

Non-Calcarea. Class I. MYXOSPONGIDA. See also:

Order: Myxospongida. Class 2. TRIAXONIDA (= HEXACTINELLIDA). Orders: Amphidiscophora, Hexasterophora. Class 3. TETRAXONIDA. Sub-Class'. Tetractinellida. Orders: Homosclerophora, Astrophora, Sigmatophora.

Sub-class 2. Lithistida. No Orders. Sub-class 3. Monaxonellida. Orders: Astromonaxonellida, Sigmatomonaxonel- lida. Class 4. EUCERATOSA. Order: Euceratosa. Branch b. Enterozoa. Grade'.

ENTEROCOELA (see See also:

COELENTERA). Phylum 2. See also:Hydromedusae or See also:Hydrozoa (q.v.). Class. HYDROMEDUSAE, (q.v.). Orders: Eleutheroblastea, Hydroidae seu Leptolinae (Sub-orders: Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae), Hy- drocorallinae, Greptolitoidea Trachylinae (Sub- orders: Trachomedusae, Narcomedusae), Siphono- See also:phora. Phylum 3. See also:Scyphomedusae (q.v.). Class. SCYPHOMEDUSAE. Orders: Cubomedusae, Stauromedusae, Coronata, Discophora. Phylum 4.

See also:

Anthozoa (q.v.). Class. ANTHOZOA. Sub-class I. Alcyonaria. Orders: Stolonifera, Akyonacea, Pseudaxonia, Axifera, Stelechotokea, Coenothecalia. Sub-class 2. Zoantharia. Orders: Zoanthidea, Cereanthidea, Antipathidea, Actiniidea (Sub-orders: Malacactinias and Scleractiniae or Madreporia). Phylum 5. See also:Ctenophora. Class.

CTENOPHORA. Sub-class I. Tentaculata. Orders: Cydippidea, Lobata, Cestoidea. Sub-class 2. Nuda. No Orders. Grade 2. COELOMOCOELA. Phylum 6. See also:

Platyelmia (q.v.). Class I.

PLANARIA (see See also:

PLANARIANS). Order: Turbellaria. Class 2. TEMNOCEPHALOIDEA (see appendix to PLANARIANS). No Orders. Class 3. TREMATODA (see See also:TREMATODES). Orders: Heterocotylea, Aspidocotylea, Malacocotylea. Class 4. CESTODA (see See also:TAPEWORMS). Orders: Monozoa, Merozoa. Phylum 7.

Nematoidea. Class'. See also:

NEMATODA (see NEMATODE). No Orders. Class 2. CHAETOSOMIDAE (see See also:CHAETOSOMATIDA). No Orders. Class 3. See also:DESMOSCOLECIDA (Q.V.). No Orders. Class 4. See also:NEMATOMORPHA (Q.V.).

No Orders. Phylum 8. See also:

Chaetognatha (q.v.). No Orders. Phylum 9. See also:Nemertina. Class. NEMERTINA (q.v.). Orders: Protonemertini, Mesonemertini, See also:Meta- nemertini, Heteronemertini. Phylum lo. See also:Mollusca (q.v.). Grade A.

ISOPLEURA. Class'. AMPHINEURA (see See also:

CHITON). Orders: Polyplacophora, Aplacophora. Grade B. PRORHIPIDOGLOSSOMORPHA. Class 2. See also:GASTROPODA (q.v.). Sub-class I. Streptoneura. Orders: Aspidobranchia, Pectinibranchia. Sub-class 2.

Euthyneura. Orders: Opisthobranchia, Pulmonata. Class 3. See also:

SCAPHOPODA (Q.V.). No Orders. Class 4. See also:LAMELLIBRANCHIA (q.v.). Orders: Protobranchia, Filibranchia, Eulamellibranchia, Septibranchia. Grade C. SIPHONOPODA. Class 5. See also:CEPHALOPODA (q.v.).

Orders : Tetrabranchia, Dibranchia. Phylum II. See also:

Appendiculata. Sub-phylum I. See also:Rotifera (q.v.). Class. ROTIFERA. Orders : Aspianchnaceae, Melicertaceae, Trochosphaeraceae, Ploimoidaceae, Bdelloidaceae, Floscularaceae,Ploima, Seisonaceae. Sub-phylum 2. See also:Chaetopoda (q.v.). Class I. See also:POLYCHAETA.

Orders: Nereidiformia, Cryptocephala, Capitelliformia, Terebelliformia, Spioniformia, Scoleciformia. Class 2. See also:

OLIGOCHAETA. Orders: .4phaneura, Limicolae, Moniligastres, Terricolae. Class 3. HIRUDINAE (see See also:LEECH). Orders: Rhynchobdellidae, Gnathobdellidae, Acanthobdellidae. Class 4. See also:MYZOSTOMIDA (q.v.). No Orders. Class 5. SACCOCIRRIDA.

No Orders. Class 6. See also:

HAPLODRILI (q.v.). No Orders. Class 7. See also:EcHIUROIDEA (q.v.). No Orders. Sub-phylum 3. See also:Arthropoda (q.v.). Grade I. CERATOPHORA. Class'.

PERIPATIDEA (see See also:

PERIPATUS). No Orders. Class 2. CHILOPODA (see See also:CENTIPEDE). Sub-class I. Pleurostigma. Orders: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Craterostigmomorphe, Lithobiomorpha. Sub-class 2. Notostigma. Order: Scutigeromorpha. Class 3. DIPLOPODA (see See also:MILLIPEDE).

Sub-class I. Pselaphognatha. Order : Penicillata. Sub-class 2. Chilognatha. Orders: Oniscomorpha, Limacomorpha, Colobognatha, Ascospermophora,Proterospermophora, Merochaeta, Opisthospermophora. Class 3. PAUR.OPODA (see MILLIPEDE). No Orders. Class 4. SYMPHYLA (see MILLIPEDE). No Orders.

Class 5. See also:

HEXAPODA (q.v.). Sub-class'. Apterygota. Order: See also:Aptera. Sub-class 2. Exopterygota. Orders: Dermaptera, See also:Orthoptera, Pleceptera, Isoptera, Corrodentia, Ephemoptera, Odonata, See also:Thysanoptera, See also:Hemiptera, Anoplura. Sub-class 3. Endopterygota. Orders: See also:Neuroptera, See also:Coleoptera, Mecaptera, Trichoptera, See also:Lepidoptera, See also:Diptera, Siphonaptera, See also:Hymenoptera. Grade 2.

ACERATA. Class I. See also:

CRUSTACEA (q.v.). Sub-class I. See also:Entomostraca (q.v.). Orders: See also:Branchiopoda (Sub-orders: Phyllopoda, Cladocera, Branchiura), Ostracoda, Copepoda. Sub-class 2. See also:Thyrostraca (q.v.) = (Cirripedia). No Orders. Sub-class 3. Leptostraca. No Orders.

Sub-class 4. See also:

Malacostraca (q.v.). Orders: Decapoda (Sub-orders: Branhyura, Mac- See also:aura), Schizopoda (including Anaspides), Stoma- topoda, Sympoda (Cumacea), Isopoda (including Tanaidacea), Amphipoda. Class 2. See also:ARACHNIDA (q.v.). Grade A. TRILOBITAE (see TRILOBITE). (Orders not determined.) Grade B. NOMOMERISTICA. Sub-class I. Pantopoda. Orders: Nymphonomorpha, 4scorhynchomorpha, Pycnogonomorpha.

Sub-class 2. Eu-Arachna. Grade a. Delobrancha (or Hydropneusta). Orders: Xiphosura, Gigantosiraca. Grade b. Embolobranchia (or Aeropneusta). See also:

Section. Pectinifera. Order: Scorpionidea. Section. Epectinata.

Orders: See also:

Pedipalpi, Araneae, Palpigradi, Solifugae, Pseudoscorpiones, Podogona, Opiliones, Rhynchostomi (Atari). Class 3. See also:TARDIGRADA (q.v.). No Orders. Class 4. LINGU.ATALINA (see See also:PENTASTOMIDA). No Orders. Phylum 12. Echinoderms (see ECHINODERMS). Branch A. PELMATOZOA. Class I.

CYSTIDEA. Orders: Amphoridea, Carpoidea, Rhombifera, Aporita, Diploporita. Class 2. BLASTOIDEA. Divisions: Protoblastoidea, Eublastoidea. No Orders. Class 3. CRINOIDEA. Orders: Monocyclica Inadunata, Adunata, Monocyclica Camerata, Dicyclica Inadunata, Flexibilia, Dicyclica Camerata. Class 4. EDRIOASTEROIDEA. No Orders.

Branch B. ELEUTHEROZOA. Class I. HOLOTHUROIDEA. Orders: A s pidochirota, Dendrochirota. Class 2. STELLIFORMIA. Sub-class 1. Asterida. Orders: Phanerozonia, Cryptozonia. Sub-class 2. Ophiurida.

Orders: Sireptophiurae, Zygophiurae, Cladophiurae. Class 3. ECHINOIDEA. Orders: Bothriocidaroida, Meloniloida, Cystocidaroida, Cidaroida, Diademoida, Holectypoida, Spatangoida, Clypeastroida. Phylum 13. See also:

Vertebrata (q.v.). Sub-phylum a. See also:Hemichorda (q.v.). Class. ENTEROPNEUSTA (see See also:BALA.NOGLOSSUS). No Orders. Sub-phylum b.

Urochorda. Class. See also:

TUNICATA (q.v.). Orders: Larvacea, Thaliacea (Sub-orders: Cyclomyaria, Hemimyaria), Ascidiacea (Sub-orders: A scidiae Simplices, A scidiae See also:Compositae, Ascidiae Luciae). Sub-phylum c. Cephalochorda (see AMPHIOxos). Class. CEPHALOCHORDA. No Orders. Sub-phylum d. Craniata.I Class I. See also:PISCES (See See also:ICHTHYOLOGY).

Sub-class I. See also:

Cyclostomata (q.v.). Orders: Myxinoides (or Hyperotreti), Petromyzontes (or Hyperoartii). Sub-class 2. Selachia or Elasmobranchii (see See also:SELACHIANS). Orders: Pleuropterygii, Acanthodii, Ichthyotomi, Plagiostomi, Holocephali. Sub-class 3. Teleostoma. Orders: Ganoidea, Crossopterygii, Dipneusii, Teleostei. Class 2. See also:BATRACHIA (qv.). Orders: Stegocephalia, Apoda (or Peromela), Caudata • (or Urodela), Ecaudata (or Anura).

Class 3. REPTILIA (See See also:

REPTILES). Orders: Anomodontia, Chelonia, Samopterygia, Ichthyopterygia, Rhyncocephalia, Dinosauria, Crocodilia, Ornithosauria, Squamata. Class 4. AYES (see See also:BIRD and See also:ORNITHOLOGY). Sub-class I. Archaeornithes. No Orders. Sub-class 2. Neornithes. See also:Division I. See also:Ratitae.

Orders: Struthiones, Rheae, Casuariae, Apteryges, Dinornithes, Aepyornithes. Division 2. See also:

Odontolcae. No Orders. Division 3. Carinatae. Orders: Ichthyornes, Colymbiformes, Sphenisciformes, Procellariiformes, Ciconiiformes, (Sub-orders: Steganopodes, Ardeae, Ciconiae, Phoenicopteri). Anseriformes (Sub-orders: Palamedeae, Anseres), Falconiformes (Sub-orders: Cathartae, I Craniata may be usefully divided into 3 grades: (a) Branchiata lieterodactyla, which includes Pisces except Cyclostomes. (b) Branchiata Pentadactyla, which includes Batrachia. (c) Lipobranchia Pentadactyla, which includes Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. 1035 Accipitres), Tinamiformes, Galliformes (Sub orders: Mesites, Turnices, Galli, Opisthocomi), Gruiformes, Charadriiformes (Sub-orders: Linzicolae, Lari, Pterocles, Columbae), Cuculiformes (Sub-orders: Cucuii, Psiltaci), Coraciiformes (Sub-orders: Coraciae, Striges, Caprimulgi, Cypseli, Colii, Trogones, Rid), Passeriformes (Sub-orders: Passeres Anisomyodae, Passeres Diacromyodae). Class 4.

See also:

MAMMALIA (q.v.). Sub-class I. 1Vlonotremata (q.v.) (Prototheria). No Orders. Sub-class 2. See also:Marsupialia (q.v.) (Metatheria). One Order: Marsupialia. Sub-orders: Polyprotodonta, Paucituberculata, Diprotodonta. Sub-class 3. Placentalia (See also:Monodelphia, q.v. ; or Eutheria). Orders: Insectivore, See also:Chiroptera, Dermoptsra, Edentate (Sub-orders: Xenarthra, Pholidota, Tubulidentata), See also:Rodentia (Sub-orders: Duplicidentata, Simplicidentata), See also:Tillodontia, See also:Carnivora (Sub-orders: Fissipedia, Pinnipedia, See also:Creodonta), See also:Cetacea (Sub- orders: Archaeoceti, Odontoceti, Mystacoceti), Sirenia, See also:Ungulata (Sub-orders: See also:Proboscidea, See also:Hyracoidea, Barypoda, Toxcdontia, See also:Amblypoda, See also:Litopterna, See also:Ancylopoda, Condylarthra, See also:Perissodactyla, See also:Artiodactyla), See also:Primates (Sub-orders: Prosinziae, Anthropoidea).

Phylum 14. See also:

Mesozoa (q.v.). Class I. RIIOMBOZOA. No Orders. Class 2. ORTHONECTIDA. No Orders. Phylum 15. See also:Polyzoa (q.v.). Class I. ENTOPROCTA.

No Orders. Class 2. ECTOPROCTA. Orders: Gymnolaemata (Sub-orders: Tripostomata, Cryptostomata, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata), Phylactolaemata. Phylum 16. See also:

Acanthocephala (q.v.). Class. ACANTHOCEPIIALA. No Orders. Phylum 17. Podaxonia. Class I.

See also:

SIPUNCULOIDEA (q.v.). No Orders. Class 2. See also:PRIAPULOIDEA (q.v.). No Orders. Class 3. See also:PHORONIDEA (q.v.). No Orders. Class 4. PTEROBRACHIA (q.v.). No Orders. Class 5.

See also:

BRACHIOPODA (q.v.). Sub-class 1. Ecardines (Inarticulata). Orders: Atremata, Neotremata. Sub-class 2. Testicardines (See also:Articulata). Orders: Protremata, Telotremata. Phylum 18. Gastretricha (q.v.). Class. See also:GASTROTRICHA. Sub-orders: Ichthydina, Cepodina.

(Possibly See also:

Kinorhyncha (q.v.) with only Echinoderes is to be placed here).

End of Article: GRADE B

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