|
KINORHYNCHA , an isolated See also:group of See also:minute animals containing the single genus Echinoderes F. Dujardin, with some eighteen See also:species. They occur in mud and on See also:sea-weeds at the bottom of shallow seas below See also:low-See also:water See also:mark and devour organic debris.
The See also:body is enclosed in a stout cuticle, prolonged in places into spines and bristles. These are especially conspicuous in two rings
(After Ilartog. from See also:Cambridge Natural See also:History, vol. ii., "See also:Worms, &c.," by permission
of Messrs. See also:Macmillan & Co., Ltd.)
b, bristle; cs, caudal spine; ph, pharynx; s s', the spines on the two segments of the See also:proboscis; sg, salivary glands; st, See also:stomach.
See also:round the proboscis and in the two posterior caudal spines. The body is divided into eleven segments and the protrusible proboscis apparently into two, and the cuticle of the central segment is thickened to See also:form three plates, one dorsal and two ventrolateral. The cuticle is secreted by an epidermis in which no See also:cell boundaries are to be seen; it sends out processes into the bristles. The mouth opens at the tip of the retractile proboscis; it leads into a See also:short thin-walled See also:tube which opens into an See also:oval See also:muscular gizzard lined with a thick cuticle; at the posterior end of this are some minute glands and then follows a large stomach slightly sacculated in each segment, this tapers through the rectum to the te,•minal anus. A pair of See also:pear-shaped, ciliated glanda inside See also:lie in the eighth segment and open on the ninth. They are regarded as kidneys. The See also:nervous See also:system consists of a ganglion 13r See also:brain, which lies dorsally about the level of the junction of the uharynx and the stomach, a See also:nerve See also:ring and a segmented neutral See also:cord. The only sense See also:organs described are eyes, which occur in some species, and may number one to four pairs.
The Kinorhyncha are dioecious. The testes reach forward to the fifth and even to the second segment, and open one each See also:side of the anus. The ovaries open in a similar position but never reach farther forward than the See also:fourth segment. The See also:external openings in the male are armed with a pair of hollowed spines.
The animals are probably oviparous.
(A. E. S.)
KINROSS-See also:SHIRE, a See also:county of See also:Scotland, bounded N. and W. by See also:Perthshire, on the extreme S.W. by See also:Clackmannanshire and S. and E. by Fifshire. Its See also:area is 52,410 acres or 81.9 sq. m. Excepting See also:Clackmannan it is the smallest county in Scotland both in point of area and of See also:population. On its confines the shire is hilly. To the N. and W. are several peaks of the Ochils, the highest
being Innerdouny (1621 ft.) and Mellock (1573); to the E. are the heights of the See also:Lomond group, such as See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White Craigs (1492 ft.)
and See also:Bishop See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill; to the S. are Benarty (1131 ft.) on the See also:Fife border and farther See also:west the Cleish Hills, reaching in Dumglow an See also:altitude of 1241 ft. With the exception of the See also:Leven, which drains See also:Loch Leven and of, which only the first mile of its course belongs to the county, all the streams are short. See also:Green's See also:Burn, the See also:North and See also:South Queich, and the Gairney are the.See also:principal. Loch Leven, the only See also:lake, is remarkable rather for its associations than its natural features. The scenery on the See also:Devon, west of the Crook, the See also:river here forming the boundary with See also:Perth-shire, is of a lovely and romantic See also:character. At one See also:place the stream rushes through the rocky See also:gorge with a loud clacking See also:sound which has given to the spot the name of the See also:Devil's See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill, and later it flows under the Rumbling See also:Bridge. In reality there are two See also:bridges, one built over the other, in the same See also:vertical See also:line. The See also:lower one See also:dates from 1713 and is unused; but the loftier and larger one, erected in 1816, commands a beautiful view. A little farther west is the graceful cascade of the Caldron Linn, the fall of which was lessened, however, by a collapse of
the rocks in 1886.
See also:Geology.—The See also:northern higher portion of the county is occupied by the Lower Old Red See also:Sandstone volcanic lavas and agglomerates of the Ochils. The coarse character of some of the lower See also:agglomerate beds is well seen in the gorge at Rumbling Bridge.
The beds See also:dip gently towards the S.S.E. ; in a north-easterly direction they contain more sandy sediments, and the agglomerates and breccias frequently become conglomerates. The See also:plain of Kinross is occupied by the soft sandstones, marls and conglomerates of the upper Old Red Sandstone, which See also:rest unconformably upon the lower See also:division with a strong dip. Southward and eastward these rocks dip conformably beneath the Lower Carboniferous See also:cement See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone See also:series of the Calciferous Sandstone group. The overlying Carboniferous See also:lime-stone occupies only a small area in the south and See also:east of the county. Intrusive See also:basalt sheets have been intercalated between some of the Carboniferous strata, and the See also:superior resisting See also:power of this See also:rock has been the cause of the existence of West Lomond, Benarty, Cleish Hills and Bishop Hill, which are formed of soft marls and sandstones capped by basalt. The Hurlet See also:limestone is worked on the Lomond and Bishop Hills. East- and west-See also:running dikes of basalt are found in the north-east of the county, traversing the Old Red volcanic rocks. See also:Kames of See also:gravel and See also:sand and similar glacial detritus are widely spread over the older rocks.
See also:Climate and See also:Industries.—The lower See also:part of the county is generally well sheltered and adapted to all kinds of crops; and the climate, though wet and See also:cold, offers no hindrance to high farming. The See also:average See also:annual rainfall is 35.5 inches, and the temperature for the See also:year is 48° F., for See also:January 38° F. and for See also:July 590'5 F. More than See also:half of the holdings exceed 50 acres each. Much of the See also:land has been reclaimed, the mossy tracts when drained and cultivated being very fertile. See also:Barley is the principal See also:crop, and oats also is grown largely, but the acreage under See also:wheat is small. Turnips and potatoes are the See also:chief green crops, the former the more important. The raising of livestock is pursued with See also:great enterprise, the hilly land being well suited for this See also:industry, although many See also:cattle are pastured on the See also:lowland farms. The cattle are mainly a native breed, which has been much improved by See also:crossing. The number of See also:sheep is high for the area' Although most of the horses are used for agricultural See also:work, a considerable proportion are kept solely for breeding.
Tartans, plaids and other woollens, and See also:linen are manufactured at Kinross and Milnathort, which is besides an important centre for livestock sales. See also:Brewing and milling are also carried on in the county See also:town, but stock-raising and See also:agriculture are the See also:staple interests. The North See also:British railway See also:company's lines, from the south and west run through the county via Kinross, and the See also:Mid-Fife line branches off at Mawcarse Junction.
Population and See also:Government.—The population was 6673 in 1891 and 6981 in See also:tool, when S5 persons spoke Gaelic and See also:English. The only towns are Kinross (pop. in 1901, 2136) and Milnathort (1(352). Kinross is the county town, and of consider-able antiquity. The county unites with Clackmannanshire to return one member to See also:parliament. It forms a sheriffdom with Fifeshire and a See also:sheriff-substitute sits at Kinross. The shire is under school-See also:board See also:jurisdiction.
History.—For several centuries the shire formed part of Fife, and during that See also:period shared its history. Towards the See also:middle of the 13th See also:century, however, the parishes of Kinross and Orwell seem to have been constituted into a shire, which, at the date (1305) of See also:Edward I.'s See also:ordinance for the government of Scotland, had become an hereditary sheriffdom, See also:John of Kinross then being named for the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office. See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I. dispensed with the attendance of small barons in 1427 and introduced the principle of See also:representation, when the shire returned one member to the Scots parliament. The inclusion of the Fife parishes of Portmoak, Cleish and Tullibole in 1685, due to the See also:influence of See also:Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Bruce, the royal architect and heritable sheriff, converted the older shire into the See also:modern county. Excepting, however, the dramatic and romantic episodes connected with the See also:castle of Loch Leven, the See also:annals of the shire, so far as the See also:national See also:story is concerned, are vacant. As to its antiquities, there are traces of an See also:ancient fort or See also:camp on the See also:top of Dumglow, and on a hill on the northern boundary of the See also:parish of Orwell a remarkable See also:cairn, called Cairna-vain, in the centre of which a stone See also:cist was discovered in 1810 containing an See also:urn full of bones and See also:charcoal. See also:Close to the town of Kinross, on the margin of Loch Leven, stands Kinross See also:House, which was built in 1685 by Sir William Bruce as a See also:residence for the See also:Duke of See also:York (James II.) in See also:case the Exclusion See also:Bill should debar him from the See also:throne of See also:England. The See also:mansion, however, was never occupied by See also:royalty.
See !E. J.G. See also:Mackay, History of Fife and Kinross (See also:Edinburgh, 1896); W. J. N. Liddall, The Place Names of Fife and Kinross (Edinburgh, 1895) ; C. See also:Ross, Antiquities of Kinross-shire (Perth, 1886) ; R. B. Begg, History of Lochleven Castle (Kinross, 1887).
End of Article: KINORHYNCHA
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!