See also:

• PRIMATES
• PRIMATES (Lat. primas, first)

The orbits (and the eyes) are directed more or less forwards, and generally surrounded by bone (fig. I), while the See also:

• LOWER

" Baboon " appears to be properly applicable to the See also:

• DOG

The length of the tail presents some noteworthy points. It is found at its greatest See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

The terminal position of the nostrils in the baboons has already been mentioned. These apertures may be closely approximated, as in all the man-like apes (Simiidae and Hylobatidae) , or they may be separated one from the other by a broad septum, as in the Cebidae, its breadth, however, varying somewhat in different genera, as in Ateles and Eriodes, and Callithrix and Nyctipithecus. The lips are generally thin, but may be very extensile, as in the orang-utan. The hands are generally provided with thumbs, though these See also:

• ORGANS

Eriodes, but attains its extreme in the Hapalidae, where every nail, except that of the great toe, assumes the form of a long, curved and sharply pointed claw. With the single exception of man, the body is almost entirely clothed with copious See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

Some of the species of the American genus Pithecia have the hair of the body and tail very long, others have the head of the See also:

• FEMALE

Generally speaking, the See also:

• ELONGATION

The extent to which each See also:

• ORBIT (from Lat. orbita, a track, orbis, a wheel)

The nasals seem to attain their maximum of relative size in the howlers. The lower jaw, or mandible, is always in one piece in adults; and is most man-like in the siamang, which alone has a slight chin. On the other hand, in other gibbons the angle is produced downwards and backwards, as also in marmosets. Its maximum of relative size is attained in the howlers (fig. 3), where the broad ascending part serves to protect and shelter the enormously developed body of the hyoid. See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

In the American Cebidae the number seldom falls below thirteen ; in the orang-utan it is twelve, as in man, but thirteen in the chimpanzee and gorilla. In most cases the dorsal and lumbar regions are about equal in length, but the lumbar region is the shorter in the man-like group, and less than See also:

• HALF

5). The proportion See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

Nevertheless, in the Simiidae and Hylobatidae, its transverse See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

The See also:

• HIND

In the latter the cerebellum is slightly uncovered, but it is considerably so in the former. In Chrysothrix the posterior lobes are more largely developed relatively than in man. As in mammals generally, much convoluted hemispheres are correlated with a considerable absolute bulk of body. Thus in Hapale (and here only) we find the hemispheres quite smooth, the only groove being that which represents the Sylvian fissure. In Simia and Anthropopithecus, on the contrary, they are richly convoluted. A hippocampus See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

. And if we take individual examples of gorilla-brains, it becomes still easier to match the occipital pattern of each of them to numerous human brains.... It is easy to appreciate the difficulties which have beset investigators of European types of brain, and to understand the reasons for the See also:

• COMMON

In the Cercopithecidae this ridge is wanting, but it reappears in Ateles and Alouata amongst the Cebidae. In the Hapalidae the tubercles of the molars are more produced and See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

In the See also:

• LANGUR

These may be enormous, See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

1. The tympanum has an external bony tube, or meatus; but there is no tympanic bulla. A squalnosofrontal suture causes the frontal and the alisphenoid bones to enter largely into the formation of the orbital See also:

• PLATE

These are shown by the greater size of the brain and brain-case as compared with the facial portion of the skull, smaller development of the canine teeth of the males, more complete See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

(See ORANG-UTAN). Gibbons.—The comparatively small, long-armed and tailless See also:

• ASIATIC

In a female from See also:

• HAINAN

Transverse ridges connect the cusps of the molars. The secondary placenta is fully developed. The first group of the family is represented by the langurs and their allies, collectively forming the sub-family Semnopithecinae, in which the tail and hind limbs are very long, and the body is slender; there are no cheek-pouches, but, on the other hand, the stomach is complicated by sacculations or pouches, and the last lower molar has a posterior See also:

• HEEL

There is a well-developed laryngeal sinus, which may extend downwards to the axilla. Chimpanzees are characterized by the large size of the ears, and typically by the small development of the supra-orbital ridges. The latter are, however, more developed in the Central African A. tchego (of which the See also:

• KULU

Finally, in adult life the gorilla is sharply differentiated from the chimpanzee by its sullen, untameable, ferocious disposition. As regards the relationship existing between the gorilla and the chimpanzee, Dr Keith observes: An examination of all the structural systems of the African anthropoids leads to the inference that the gorilla is the more See also:

• PRIMITIVE

The hands are very long; but the thumb is short, not reaching the end of the metacarpal bone of the index-finger. The feet have exceedingly long toes, except the great toe, which only reaches to the middle of the first joint of the adjacent toe, and is often destitute not only of a nail, but of the second phalange also. It nevertheless possesses an opponens muscle. The brain has the hemispheres greatly convoluted, and is altogether more like the brain of man than is that of any other ape. A prolongation is developed from each ventricle of the larynx, and these processes in the adult become enormous, uniting together in front over the See also:

• WINDPIPE

Some of these monkeys, like Colobus satanas of West Africa, are wholly black; but in others, such as C. See also:

• GUEREZA

A fourth section (See also:

• MONA

The nostrils are not terminal, and the hairs are generally ringed. In habits the macaques are much more terrestrial than the mangabeys, some of them being completely so. In the typical group, which, in addition to the rhesus, includes the Himalayan See also:

• MACAQUE

There are large cheek-pouches; and the tail is a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

The hairs are ringed with different colours, and the general colour is olive-yellow, grey or brownish. The typical, and at the same time the smallest representative. of the group Lis the yellow baboon (P. cynocephalus or P. babuin) (fig. II), ranging from Abyssinia to See also:

• ANGOLA

The cartilage forming the inter-nasal septum is broad, and the nostrils are directed obliquely out-wards. The tail, which never has fewer than fourteen vertebrae, is generally as long as the body, and frequently prehensile. The ethmoturbinals are originally separate; and the laryngeal sac, when present, is of peculiar type. Usually there is only a simple primary discoid placenta, but rudiments of a secondary one have been recently described. The first family, or Cebidae, includes the American monkeys, as distinct from marmosets, which present the following characteristics: The ears are more or less naked externally. The terminal joints of the fingers and toes carry flat or curved nails; and the thumb, when present, is opposable to the other fingers. Except in the uakaris, the tail is long, generally short-haired, and frequently with a terminal bare surface for prehension. Dentition i. c. I, p. , m, R. Generally a foramen (entepicondylar) in the inner side of the lower end of. the humerus. As a rule, only a single offspring is produced at a birth.

Ranging over tropical America, the Cebidae have their headquarters in the vast Brazilian forests, where so many of the animals are more or less arboreal in their habits. These monkeys are completely arboreal, more so, indeed, than the gibbons among the Catarrhina. The first sub-family, Alouatinae, is represented only by the howlers, Alouata (or Mycetes), characterized by the long prehensile tail with the extremity naked below, the well-developed thumb, and the extension of the hyoid-bone into an enormous bladder-like chamber contained between the two branches of the lower jaw (fig. 3). In this bony See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

The typical genus Cebus includes the numerous species of See also:

• CAPUCHINS