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north it is separated by the straits of Hainan, which have a breadth of 15 or 20 M. With the exception of a considerable area in the north, and broad tracts on the north-See also:

east and north-See also:

west sides, the whole island is occupied by See also:

JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle-covered mountains, with See also:

rich valleys between. The central range bears the name of Li-mou shan or Wu-tchi shan (the Five-See also:

FINGER

Finger See also:

Mountain), and attains a height of 6000 or 7000 ft. Its praises are celebrated in a glowing See also:

ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode by Ch'iu, a native poet. The island appears to be well watered, and some of its See also:

rivers are not without importance as possible highways of See also:

commerce; but the details of its See also:

HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography are very partially ascertained. A navigable channel extends in an irregular See also:

CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve from the See also:

bay of Hoi-how (See also:

HAI (939-1038)

Hai-K'ow) in the north to Tan-chow on the west See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast. Being exposed to the See also:

winter See also:

monsoon, the See also:

NORTHERN

northern parts of the island enjoy much the same sort of temperate See also:

CLIMATE

climate as the neighbouring provinces of the mainland, but in the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern parts, protected from the monsoon by the mountain ranges, the climate is almost or entirely tropical. See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow falls so rarely that its See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in 1684 is reported in the native See also:

CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles as a remarkable event. Earthquakes are a much more See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar phenomenon, having occurred, according to the same authority, in 1523, 1526, 1605, 1652, 1677, 1681, 1684, 1702, 1704, 1725, 1742, 1816, 1817 and 1822.

Excellent See also:

TIMBER

timber of various kinds—See also:

EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle-See also:

wood, See also:

rose-wood, See also:

LIQUIDAMBAR, LIQUID AMBER

liquidambar, &c.—is one of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal products of the island, and has evenbeen specially transported to See also:

PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking for imperial purposes. The coco See also:

palm flourishes freely even in the north, and is to be found growing in clumps with the Pinus sinensis. See also:

Rice, See also:

cotton, See also:

SUGAR

sugar, See also:

INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, See also:

CINNAMON

cinnamon, betel-nuts, sweet potatoes, ground-nuts and See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco are all cultivated in varying quantities. The aboriginal inhabitants collect a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea called t'ien ch'a, or See also:

CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial tea, which looks like the leaves of a See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

CAMELLIA

camellia, and has an earthy See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste when infused. See also:

Lead, See also:

SILVER

silver, See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron occur in the Shi-lu shan or " See also:

stone-See also:

green-See also:

hill "; the silver at least was worked till 1850. See also:

Gold and lapis lazuli are found in other parts of the island. The See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle of Hainan are apparently a See also:

CROSS

cross between the little yellow cow of See also:

south See also:

CHINA

China and the zebu of See also:

India. Buffaloes are See also:

COMMON

common, and in the neighbourhood of Nanlu at least they are frequently albinos. Horses are numerous but small. Hogs and See also:

deer are both common wild animals, and of the latter there are three See also:

SPECIES

species, Cervus Eldi, Cervus hippelaphus and Cervus vaginalis. Among the birds, of which 172 species are described by Mr Swinhoe in his See also:

paper in The See also:

IBIS

Ibis (1870), there are eagles, notably a new species Spilornis Rutherfordi, buzzards, harriers, kites, owls, goatsuckers and woodpeckers. The Upupa ceylonensis,is familiar to the natives as the " See also:

BIRD

bird of the Li matrons," and the Palaeornis javanica as the " sugar-See also:

CANE

cane bird." Hainan forms a fu or See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the province of Kwangtung, though strictly it is only a portion of the island that is under Chinese See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being still occupied by unsubjugated See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines.

The department contains three chow and ten hien districts. K'iung-chow-hien, in which the See also:

capital is situated; Ting-an-hien, the only inland See also:

DISTRICT

district; Wen-ch'ang-hien, in the north-east of the island; Hui-t'unghien, Lo-hui-hien, See also:

LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling-shu-hien, Wan-chow, Yai-chow (the southmost of all), Kan-en-hien Ch'ang-hwa-hien, Tan-chow, Lin-kao-hien and Ch'eng-See also:

MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

mai-hien. The capital K'iung-chow-fu is situated in the north about ro li (or 3 m.) from the coast on the See also:

RIVER

river. It is a well-built compact See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and its temples and examination halls are in See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good preservation. Carved articles in coco-nuts and scented See also:

woods are its principal See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial product. In 163o it was made the seat of a See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

MISSION

mission by See also:

BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

Benoit de Mathos, a Portuguese Jesuit, and the old See also:

CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery still contains about 113 See also:

Christian See also:

GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves. The See also:

PORT

port of K'iungchow-fu at the mouth of the river, which is nearly dry at See also:

low See also:

WATER

water, is called simply Hoi-how, or in the See also:

court See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect Hai-K'ow, i.e. seaport. The two towns are See also:

UNITED

united by a good road, along which a large See also:

TRAFFIC

traffic is maintained partly by See also:

COOLIE

coolie porters but more frequently by means of See also:

wheel-barrows, which serve the purpose of cabs and carts. The value of the See also:

trade of the port has risen from 67o,600 in 1899 to 719,333 in 1904. In the same See also:

YEAR

year 424 vessels, representing a See also:

TONNAGE

tonnage of 312,554, visited the port. This trade is almost entirely with the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Hong-See also:

KONG

Kong, with which the port is connected by small See also:

COASTING

coasting steamers, but since 1893 it has had See also:

REGULAR

regular steamboat communication with Haiphong in See also:

TONGKING

Tongking. The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of K'iung-chow, including its See also:

SHIPPING

shipping port of Hoi-how, is estimated at 52,000.

The number of See also:

FOREIGN

foreign residents in 1900 was about 30, most of them officials or missionaries. The inhabitants of Hainan may be divided into three classes, the Chinese immigrants, the civilized aborigines or Shu-li and the wild aborigines or Sheng-li. The Chinese were for the most See also:

PART

part originally from Kwang-si and the neighbouring provinces, and they speak a See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar dialect, of which a detailed See also:

account by Mr Swinhoe was given in The See also:

Phoenix, a Monthly See also:

MAGAZINE

Magazine for China, &c. (1870). The Shu-li as described by Mr Taintor are almost of the same stature as the Chinese, but have a more decided copper See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, higher cheek-bones and more angular features, while their eyes are not oblique. Their See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair is See also:

long, straight and See also:

black, and their beards, if they have any, are very scanty. They till the See also:

SOIL

soil and bring rice, See also:

FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, timber, grass-See also:

CLOTH

cloth, &c., to the Chinese markets. The Sheng-li or Li proper, called also La, Le or Lauy, are probably connected with the See also:

LAOS

Laos of See also:

SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam and the See also:

LOLOS

Lolos of China. Though not gratuitously aggressive, they are highly intractable, and have given See also:

GREAT

great trouble to the Chinese authorities. Among themselves they carry on deadly feuds, and revenge is a See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty and an See also:

INHERITANCE

inheritance. Though they are mainly dependent on the See also:

chase for See also:

food, their weapons are still the See also:

SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear and the See also:

BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, the latter being made of wood and strung with See also:

BAMBOO

bamboo. In See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage no avoidance of similarity of name is required.

The See also:

BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride's See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face is tattooed according to a See also:

PATTERN

pattern furnished by the bridegroom. Their funeral See also:

MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning consists of abstaining from drink and eating raw See also:

BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef, and they use a wooden See also:

LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log for a See also:

COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin. When sick they See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice oxen. In the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-See also:

time there is a festival in which the men and See also:

WOMEN

women from neighbouring settlements move about in See also:

gay clothing See also:

hand in hand and singing songs. The whole population of the island is estimated at about 22 millions. At its first See also:

CONQUEST

conquest 23,000 families were introduced from the mainland. In 1300 the Chinese authorities assign 166,257 inhabitants; in 1370, 291,000; in 1617, 250;524; and in 1835, 1,350,000. It was in 111 B.C. that Lu-Po-Teh, See also:

general of the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Wu-ti, first made the island of Hainan subject to the Chinese, who divided it into the tWo prefectures, Tan-urh or Drooping See also:

EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

Ear in the south, so-called from the long ears of the native " king," and Chu-yai or See also:

Pearl See also:

SHORE

Shore in the north. During the decadence of the See also:

elder See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Han See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty the Chinese supremacy was weakened, but in A.D. 43 the natives were led by the success of Ma-yuan in Tong-king to make a new See also:

TENDER

tender of their See also:

ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance. About this time the whole island took the name of Chu-yai. In A.D.

627 the name of K'iung-chow came into use. On its See also:

con-quest by the generals of Kublai See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan in 1278 the island was incorporated with the western part of the province of Kwangtung in a new satrapy, Hai-peh Hai-nan Tao, i.e. the See also:

CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit north of the sea and south of the sea. It was thus that Hai-nan-Tao, or district south of the sea or strait, came into use as the name of the island, which, however, has See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne the See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of K`iungchow-fu, probably derived from the Kiung shan or See also:

Jade Mountains, ever since 1370, the date of its erection into a department of Kwang-tung. For a long time Hainan was the See also:

REFUGE

refuge of the turbulent classes of China and the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

DEPORTATION

deportation for delinquent officials. It was there, for example, that Su-She or Su-Tung-po was banished in 1097. From the 15th to the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century pirates made the intercourse with the mainland dangerous, and in the 17th they were considered so formidable that merchants were allowed to convey their goods only across the narrow Hainan Strait. Since 1863 the presence of See also:

ENGLISH

English men-of-See also:

war has put an end to this evil. According to the treaty of See also:

TIENTSIN

Tientsin, the capital K'iung-chow and the See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour Hoi-how (Hai-Kow) were opened to See also:

EUROPEAN

European commerce; but it was not till 1876 that See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage was taken of the permission.

End of Article: HAINAN

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