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CINNAMON , the inner bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, a small See also:evergreen See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree belonging to the natural See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order Lauraceae, native to See also:Ceylon. The leaves are large, ovate-oblong in shape, and the See also:flowers, which are arranged in panicles, have a greenish See also:colour and a rather disagreeable odour. Cinnamon has been known from remote antiquity, and it was so highly prized among See also:ancient nations that it was regarded as a See also:present See also:fit for monarchs and other See also:great potentates. It is mentioned in Exod. See also:xxx. 23, where See also:Moses is commanded to use both sweet cinnamon (Kinnamon) and See also:cassia, and it is alluded to by See also:Herodotus under the name Kivvapwpov, and by other classical writers. The tree is grown at See also:Tellicherry, in See also:Java, the See also:West Indies, See also:Brazil and See also:Egypt, but the produce of none of these places approaches in quality that grown in Ceylon. Ceylon cinnamon of See also:fine quality is a very thin smooth bark, with a See also:light-yellowish See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown colour, a highly fragrant odour, and a peculiarly sweet, warm and pleasing aromatic See also:taste. Its flavour is due to an aromatic oil which it contains to the extent of from o•5 to I %. This essential oil, as an See also:article of See also:commerce, is prepared by roughly pounding the bark, macerating it in See also:sea-See also:water, and then quickly distilling the whole. It is of a See also:golden-yellow colour, with the See also:peculiar odour of cinnamon and a very hot aromatic taste. It consists essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, and by the absorption of See also:oxygen as it becomes old it darkens in colour and develops resinous compounds. Cinnamon is principally employed in See also:cookery as a condiment and flavouring material, being largely used in the preparation of some kinds of See also:chocolate and See also:liqueurs. In See also:medicine it acts like other volatile See also:oils and has a reputation as a cure for colds. Being a much more costly spice than cassia, that comparatively harsh-flavoured substance is frequently substituted for or added to it. The two barks when whole are easily enough distinguished, and their microscopical characters are also quite distinct. When powdered bark is treated with See also:tincture of See also:iodine, little effect is visible in the See also:case of pure cinnamon of See also:good quality, but when cassia is present a deep-See also:blue tint is produced, the intensity of the coloration depending on the proportion of the cassia.
CINNAMON-See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
STONE, a variety of See also:garnet, belonging to the See also:lime-alumina type, known also as essonite or hessonite, from the Gr. iavwv, " inferior," in allusion to its being less hard and less dense than most other garnet. It has a characteristic red colour, inclining to See also:orange, much like that of See also:hyacinth or jacinth. Indeed it was shown many years ago, by See also:Sir A. H. See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, that many gems, especially engraved stcnes, commonly regarded as hyacinth, were really cinnamon-stone. The difference is readily detected by the specific gravity, that of hessonite being 3.64 to 3.69, whilst that of hyacinth (See also:zircon) is about 4.6. Hessonite is rather a soft stone, its hardness being about that of See also:quartz or 7, whilst the hardness of most garnet reaches 7•5. Cinnamon-stone comes chiefly from Ceylon, where it is found generally as pebbles, though its occurrence in its native See also:matrix is not unknown.
End of Article: CINNAMON
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