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vertical plates gradually increasing in number from the first to the last of the series; and only portions of two of these teeth being in use at any one time. There are no clavicles; and the limbs are stout, with their component segments placed nearly in a vertical See also:

LINE

line, and the upper segment, especially in the See also:

HIND

hind-See also:

LIMB

limb, the longest; the See also:

RADIUS

radius and ulna are distinct, the latter articulating extensively with the carpus; the fibula and See also:

TIBIA

tibia also distinct; the astragalus very See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat on both surfaces; and both front and hind feet See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, broad and massive, with five toes (though the See also:

OUTER

outer pair may be more or less rudimentary), all encased in a See also:

COMMON

common integument, though with distinct, broad, short hoofs; third See also:

DIGIT (Lat. digit us, finger)

digit the largest. Two anterior venae cavae entering the right See also:

AURICLE (from Lat. diminutive of auris, ear)

auricle. See also:

STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

Stomach See also:

SIMPLE

simple. A capacious caecum. Testes permanently abdominal. Uterus bicornuate.

See also:

PLACENTA (Lat. for a cake)

Placenta deciduate and zonary. Teats two, See also:

PECTORAL

pectoral. In order to understand the See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar nature of the dentition, it is necessary to discuss to some extent those of the immediate ancestors of the true elephants, such as the mastodons (see Dentition. See also:

MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

MASTODON). As regards the incisors, or tusks, which ' See also:

CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier's order Pachydermata (Gr. 7raxhs, thick and Sepµa, skin), containing the elephants, hippopotami, See also:

RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, See also:

SWINE

swine, tapirs, hyraxes, &c., is now abandoned, its members now forming the orders Proboscidea and See also:

HYRACOIDEA

Hyracoidea and the sub-order Parissodactyla. A few See also:

Artiodactyla are also included. and generally curved, these are composed mainly of solid dentine, the See also:

FINE

fine elastic quality and large See also:

mass of which renders it invaluable as " See also:

ivory " for See also:

commerce and the arts. A peculiarity of the dentine of the Proboscidea is that it shows, in transverse fractures or sections, fine lines proceeding in the arc of a circle from the centre 1 ZI' IV, Elephas primigenius. to the circumference in opposite directions, and forming by their decussations See also:

CURVILINEAR

curvilinear lozenges, as in the " See also:

engine-turning " of the See also:

case of a See also:

WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch. The See also:

ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel-covering in existing species is confined to the extreme See also:

APEX

apex, and very soon wears off, but in some See also:

EXTINCT

extinct species it forms persistent See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal bands of limited breadth. The tusks have small See also:

MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk-predecessors, See also:

SHED

shed at an See also:

early See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age.

As regards the cheek-teeth, these are composed in the mastodons of a variable number of enamel-covered transverse ridges, often divided into inner and outer columns, which may partially alternate, and complicated by smaller additional columns; but in the unworn tooth they stand out freely on the See also:

SURFACE

surface of the See also:

CROWN

crown, with deep valleys between (fig. r, I). In the elephants the ridges are increased in number, and consequently become narrower from before back-wards, while they are greatly extended in vertical height. In order to give solidity to what would otherwise be a See also:

COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb-like tooth, the whole structure is enveloped and See also:

UNITED

united in a large mass of See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, which completely fills the valleys, and gives a See also:

general smooth See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance to the unworn tooth; but as the See also:

WEAR

wear consequent upon the masticating See also:

PROCESS

process proceeds, the alternate layers of See also:

TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue of different hardness—cement, dentine and enamel—which are disclosed upon the surface See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a fine and efficient grinding See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument. The intermediate stages between the molar of a See also:

MODERN

modern elephant and that of a mastodon are so fully known that it is not possible to draw a definite line between the two types of tooth-structure (see fig. I, II, III, IV). As regards the mode of See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, that of modern elephants is very peculiar. During the See also:

COMPLETE

complete lifetime of the See also:

animal there are but six cheek-teeth, which it will be convenient to allude to as molars, on each See also:

side of each See also:

JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw, with occasionally a rudimentary one in front, completing the typical number of seven. The last three represent the molars of See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary. mammals, those in front are milk-molars, which are never replaced by permanent successors, the whole series gradually moving forwards in the jaw, and the teeth becoming worn away and their remnants See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast out in front, while development of others proceeds behind. The individual- teeth are so large, and the processes of growth and destruction by wear take See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place so slowly, that not more than one, or portions of two, teeth are ever in place and in use on each side of each jaw at otn time, and the whole series of changes coincides with the usual duration of the animal's See also:

LIFE

life. On the other See also:

hand, the earlier representations of the proboscidean series referred to below have the whole of the cheek-teeth in place and use at one time, and the milk-molars vertically displaced by premolars in the ordinary See also:

FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion. Among mastodons transitional forms occur in the mode of succession as well as in structure, many species showing a vertical displacement of one or more of the milk-molars, and the same has been observed I, Mastodon americanus; II, Elephas (Stegodon) insignis; to N PROBOSCIDEA See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole. The hind See also:

FOOT

foot is smaller and narrower than the front.

The See also:

LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver is small and simple, and there is no See also:

gall-See also:

BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder. In form the See also:

BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain resembles that of the lower orders of mammals in that the cerebellum is entirely behind and uncovered by the cerebrum, but the hemispheres of the latter are richly convoluted. Elephants are exclusively See also:

VEGETABLE

vegetable-feeders, living, chiefly on leaves and See also:

young branches of See also:

FOREST

forest trees and various kinds of herbage, or roots, which they gather and convey to their mouth by a very See also:

MOBILE

mobile proboscis, an See also:

ORGAN

organ which combines in a marvellous manner strength with dexterity of application, and is a necessary See also:

COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for the shortness and inflexibility of the See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, as it is by this that many of the functions of the lips of other animals are performed. By its means elephants are enabled to drink without bending the See also:

head or limbs, The end of the trunk being dipped, for instance, into a stream or See also:

POOL

pool, a forcible See also:

INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration fills the two capacious See also:

air-passages in its interior with See also:

WATER

water, which, on the tip of the trunk being turned upwards and inserted into the mouth, is ejected by a blowing See also:

ACTION

action, and swallowed. Or if the animal wishes to refresh and cool its skin, it can throw the water in a copious stream over any See also:

PART

part of its surface. Elephants can also throw dust and See also:

sand over their bodies by the same means and for the same purpose, and they have frequently been observed fanning themselves with boughs held in the trunk. The following are the distinctive features of the genus Elephas, the type of the See also:

FAMILY

family Elephantidae: Dentition: i. o, c. o, m. 1=26. The incisors variable, but usually of very large See also:

SIZE

size, especially in the male See also:

SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, directed somewhat outwards, and curved upwards, without enamel except on the apex before it is worn; preceded by small milk-incisors. The molars succeed each other by See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal replacement from before backwards, never more than one or part of two being in use on each side of each jaw at the same time; each composed of numerous flattened enamel-covered plates or ridges of dentine, projecting from a common many-rooted See also:

BASE

base, surrounded and united together by cement. The number of plates increases from the anterior to the posterior molar in See also:

REGULAR

regular succession, varying in the different species, but the third and See also:

FOURTH

fourth (or the last milk-molar and the first true molar), and these only, have the same number of ridges, which always exceeds five. See also:

SKULL

Skull of adult very high and globular.

Lower jaw ending in front in a deflected, spout-like symphysis. Vertebrae: C. 7, D. 19-21, L. 3-4, S. 4, C, 26-33. The two existing species of elephant are the See also:

INDIAN

Indian or See also:

ASIATIC

Asiatic (Elephas See also:

maximus), and the See also:

AFRICAN

African (E. See also:

AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

africanus), the distinctive characteristics of which are given under ELEPHANT. See also See also:

MAMMOTH and MASTODON.

End of Article: PROBOSCIDEA (animals " with a proboscis ")

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