Online Encyclopedia

life and economic importance. There are at least seven orders: the stalk-eyed Brachyura, Macrura, Schizopoda, Stomatopoda, and the sessile-eyed Sympoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda. An ocular segment claimed by the former See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division is not See also:

PRESENT

present or in no See also:

case demonstrable in the latter. In neither does the terminal segment or telson, whether large or obsolescent, whether articulated or coalescent, carry appendages, unless occasionally in See also:

FUSION

fusion with itself. Between the eyes and the tail-piece in all the orders nineteen segments are counted, the See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of a segment's existence depending on its separateness, See also:

COMPLETE

complete or partial, or on a sutural indication, or else on the pair of appendages known to belong to it. All these marks may fail, and then the species must be proved to be Malacostracan by other See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence than the number of its segments; but if some exceptions exhibit fewer, none of the Malacostraca exhibits more than 19 (+ 1 or + 2) segments, unless the Nebaliidae be included. Of the corresponding pairs of appendages thirteen belong to the See also:

head and See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, followed by three which may be all maxillipeds or may help to swell the number of trunk-legs to which the next five pairs belong. The See also:

ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen or pleon carries the remaining six pairs, of which from three to five are called pleopods and the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder uropods. Underlying the diversity of names and functions and countless varieties of shape, there is a common See also:

standard to which the appendages in See also:

general can be referred. In the maxillipeds and the trunk-legs it is common to find or otherwise easy to trace a seven-jointed See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, the endopod, from which may See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring two branches, the epipod from the first See also:

JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint, the exopod from the second.' The first antennae are exceptional in branching, if at all, at the third joint.

In the mandibles and maxillae some of the terminal See also:

JOINTS

joints of the stem are invariably wanting. In the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the appendages they may either be wanting or indistinguishable. The latter obscurity results either from coalescence, to which all joints and segments are liable, or from subdivision, which occasionally affects joints even in the trunk-legs. The See also:

CARAPACE (a Fr. word, from the Span. carapacho, a shield or armour)

carapace, formerly referred only to the antennar-mandibular segments, may perhaps in fact contain elements from any number of other segments of head and trunk, See also:

HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley, See also:

Alcock, See also:

BOUVIER, JOHN (1787—1851)

Bouvier giving support to this See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion by the sutural or other divisional lines in Potamobius, Nephrops, Thalassina, and various fossil genera. Not all questions of See also:

CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification See also:

INTERNAL

internal to this division are yet finally settled. Between the Brachyura and Macrura some authors uphold an See also:

order Anomura, though in a much restricted sense, the labours of Huxley, Boas, Alcock and conjointly See also:

ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse Milne-See also:

Edwards and Bouvier, having resulted in restoring the Dromiidea and Raninidae to the Brachyura, among which de Haan See also:

long ago placed them. The See also:

French authors argue that from the macruran lobsters (Nephropsidae) anciently diverged two lines: one leading through the Dromiidea to the genuine Brachyura; or crabs, the other independently to the Anomura proper, which may conveniently be named and classed as Macrura anomala. See also:

SPENCE, THOMAS (1750-1814)

Spence Bate maintained that the Schizopoda ought not to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

SEPARATE

separate order, but to be ranged as a macruran tribe, " more nearly allied to the degraded forms of the Penaeidea than to those of any other See also:

GROUP

group " (" Challenger " Reports, " Macrura," p. 472, 1888). According to Sars, the In Huxley's terminology the first two or three joints of the stem constitute a " protopodite," from which spring the "endopodite " and " exopodite." Sympoda (or Cumaceans), in spite of their sessile eyes, have closer See also:

AFFINITIES

affinities with the stalk-eyed orders. H. J.

See also:

BIGELOW, JOHN (1817- )

Bigelow (Proc. U.S. See also:

Mus. vol. xvii., 1894). For the habits and peculiarities of these and many other Crustaceans, A. E. Verrill and S. I. Smith on the Invertebrates of Vineyard See also:

Sound should be See also:

con-. suited (1874). The general subject has been illuminated by the labours of Claus, Miers, See also:

Brooks (" Challenger " See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report, 1886), and the latest word on the relationship between the various larvae and their respective genera has been spoken by H. J. Hansen (Plankton-Expedition Report, 1895). The striking forms of Alima and Erich-thus, at one time regarded as distinct genera, are now with more or less certainty affiliated to their several squillid parents.

5. SmrnoDA.—This order of sessile-eyed decapods was absolutely unknown to See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science till 1779. A species certainly belonging to it was described by Lepekhin in 1780, but the obscure Gammarus esca, " See also:

food Gammarus " beloved of See also:

HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings, described by J. C. See also:

Fabricius in the preceding See also:

YEAR

year, may also be one of its members. Nutritious possibilities are implied in Diastylis rathkii, Kroyer, one of the largest forms, which, though slender and rarely an inch long, in its favourite See also:

ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters is found " in incalculable masses, in thousands of specimens " (Stuxberg, 1880). Far on in the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century noticed the evidence of their See also:

COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan range, and the species Neotithodes agassizii (Smith) and N. grimaldii, Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, which carry to an extreme the spinosity characteristic of the group (fig. I). S. I. Smith's investigations on the See also:

early stages of Hippa talpoida, Say, were published in 1877. With regard to the accessions to knowledge in the enormous group of the genuine Macrura, reference need only be made to the extensive reports in which Spence Bate, S.

I. Smith, Faxon, See also:

Wood-See also:

Mason, Alcock, and others have made known the results of celebrated explorations. Various larval stages have been successfully investigated by Sars. Alcock (1901) describes from his own observation the newly hatched Phyllosoma larva of Thenus orientalis, Fabricius. An admirable discrimination of the larval and adult characters of the genus Sergestes has been given by H. J. Hansen (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1896). Singularity excites our wonder in Thaumastocheles See also:

ZALEUCUS

zaleucus, v. Willemoes Suhm, which makes up for its vanished eyes by its extraordinarily elongate and dentated claws; in Psalidopus huxleyi, Wood-Mason and Alcock (1892), bristling with spikes from head to tail; in the Nematocarcinidae, with their long See also:

THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like limbs and longer antennae ; in species of Aristaeopsis reported by Chun from deep water off the See also:

east See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

Africa, See also:

bright red prawns nearly a See also:

FOOT

foot long, with antennae about five times the length of the See also:

BODY

body. That certain species, particularly many from deep water, have disproportionately large eggs, is explained by the supposition that the See also:

young derive the advantage of being hatched in an advanced See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of development.

3. SCHIZOPODA.—This order of animals for the most :See also:

PART

part delicately beautiful, has for the moment five families—Lophogastndae, Eucopiidae, Euphausiidae, Mysidae and Anaspididae. In the Euphausiidae the digitiform-arborescent branchiae, as if conscious of their own extreme elegance, remain wholly uncovered. In the two prereding families they are partially covered. In theMysidae the branchiae are wanting, and some would form this family into a separate order, Mysidacea. In Anaspides, a peculiar fresh-water genus discovered in 1892 by G. M. See also:

Thomson on See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

Wellington, in See also:

TASMANIA

Tasmania, the gills are not arborescent, and there are seven segments of the trunk See also:

FREE

free of FIG.2.—Anaspides tasmaniae, the carapace (fig. 2). A membrana- Thomson. ceous carapace separates the Euco- piidae from the more solidly invested Lophogastridae. Among many papers that the student will find it necessary to consult may be mentioned the " Challenger" Report on Schizopoda, by Sars, 1885, eminent naturalists were still debating whether in this group there were eyes or no eyes, whether the eyes were stalked or sessile, whether the animals observed were larval or adult. The See also:

AMERICAN

American T.

Say in 1813 gave a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of a new species and founded the premier genus Diastylis, but other investigators derived little See also:

CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit from the subject till more than sixty years after its introduction by the Russian Lepekhin. Then See also:

GOODSIR, JOHN (1814–1867)

Goodsir, Kroyer, Lilljeborg, Spence Bate and one or two others made considerable advances, and in 1865 a memorable See also:

paper by G. O. Sars led the way to the great See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of researches which he has continued to the present See also:

day. The name Cumacea, however, which he uses cannot be retained, being founded on the preoccupied name Cuma (Milne-Edwards, 1828). The more recent name Sympoda (see Willey, Results, pt. v. p..609, 1900) alludes to the huddling together of the legs, which is conspicuous in most of the species. Ten families are now distinguished—Diastylidae, Lampropidae, Platyaspidae, Pseudocumidae, all with an articulated telson; without one, the Bodotriidae (formerly called Cumidae), Vaunthompsoniidae, Leuconidae, Nannastacidae, Campylaspidae, Procampylaspidae. All the Leuconidae and Procampylaspidae are See also:

BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind, and some species in most of the other families. Usually the sides of the carapace are strangely produced into a See also:

MOCK

mock rostrum in front of the ocular See also:

LOBE

lobe, be it oculiferous or not. The last four or five segments of the trunk are free from the carapace. The slender pleon has always six distinct segments, the sixth carrying two-branched uropods, the preceding five armed with no pleopods in the female, whereas in the male the number of pairs varies from five to none. The resemblance of these creatures to See also:

MINIATURE

miniature Macrura is alluded to in the generic name Nannastacus, meaning See also:

DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf-See also:

LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster.

In this genus alone of the known Sympoda the eyes sometimes form a pair, in accordance with the See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of all other malacostracan orders except this and of this order itself in the embryo (Says, 1900). The most but not the only remarkable character lies in the first maxillipeds. These, with the main stem more or less pediform, have the epipod and exopod modified for See also:

RESPIRATORY

respiratory purposes. The backward-directed epipods usually carry branchial vesicles. The forward-directed exopods either act as valves or form a See also:

TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube (rarely two tubes), protensile and retractile, for regulating See also:

EGRESS (Lat. egressus, going out)

egress of water from the branchial regions. This mechanism as a whole is unique, although, as Sars observes, the epipod of the first maxillipeds has a respiratory See also:

FUNCTION

function also in the Lophogastridae and Mysidae and in the cheliferous isopods. As a See also:

RULE

rule See also:

ARMATURE (from Lat. armatura, armour)

armature of the carapace is much more developed in the comparatively sedentary female than in the usually more active male. Only in the male do the second antennae attain considerable length, with strong resemblance to what is found in some of the Amphipoda. About 150 species distributed among See also:

THIRTY

thirty-four genera are now known, many from shallow water and from between See also:

TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide-marks, some from very great depths. H. J. Hansen concludes that " they are all typically ground animals, and as yet no species has been taken under such conditions that it could be reckoned to the pelagic plankton." As they have been found in all zones and chiefly by a very few observers, it is probable that a great many more species remain to be discovered.

In recent years thirteen species, all belonging to the same genus Pseudocuma (fig. 3), have been recorded by Sars from the Caspian Sea. A bibliography of the order is given in that author's Crustacea of See also:

Norway, vol. iii. (1899-1900). 6. IsoP0DA.—This vast and populous order can be traced far back in geological time. It is now represented in all seas and lands, in fresh-water lakes and streams, and even in warm springs. It adapts itself to parasitic life not only in fishes, but in its own class Crustacea, and that in species of every order, its own included. In this See also:

PROCESS

process changes of structure are See also:

apt to occur, and sometimes unimaginable sacrifices of the normal See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance. The order has been divided into seven tribes, of which a See also:

fuller See also:

SUMMARY

summary than can here be given will be found in Stebbing, See also:

HISTORY

History of Crustacea (1893). The first tribe, called Chelifera, from the usually chelate or claw-bearing first limbs, may be regarded as Isopoda anomala, of which some authors would form a separate order, Tanaidea. Like the genuine isopods, they have seven pairs of trunk-legs, but instead of having seven segments of the See also:

MIDDLE

middle body (or peraeon) normally free, they have the first one or two of its segments coalesced, with the head.

Instead of the breathing organs being furnished by the appendages of the pleon with the See also:

heart in their vicinity, the respiration is controlled by the maxillipeds, with the heart in the peraeon (see Delage, See also:

Arch. Zool. exper. et gen., vol. ix., 1881). There are two families, Tanaidae and Apseudidae. .Occasionally the ocular lobes are articulated. The genuine Isopoda are divided among the Flabellifera, in which the terminal segment and uropods form a flabellum or See also:

SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming See also:

FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan; the Epicaridea, parasitic on Crustaceans; the Valvifera, in which the uropods See also:

FOLD

fold See also:

VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve-like over the branchial pleopods; the Asellota, in which the first pair of pleopods of the female are usually trans-formed into a single opercular See also:

PLATE

plate; the Phreatoicidea, a fresh-water tribe, known as yet only from subterranean waters in New See also:

ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand and an Australian swamp nearly 6000 ft. above sea-level; and lastly, the Oniscidea, which are terrestrial. Only the last of these, under the contemptuous designation of wood-lice, has established a feeble claim to popular recognition. Few persons hear without surprise that See also:

England itself possesses more than a See also:

SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of species in this See also:

air-breathing tribe. Those known from the See also:

WORLD

world at large number hundreds of species, distributed among dozens of genera in six families. That a wood-See also:

LOUSE (O. Eng. leis, cf. Du. luis, Ger. Laus, Dan. and Swed. lus)

louse and a land-crab are alike Malacostracans, and that they have by different paths alike become adapted to terrestrial life, are facts which even a philosopher might con-descend to See also:

NOTICE

notice. Of the other tribes which are aquatic there is not space to give even the barest outline. Their swarming multitudes are of enormous importance in the See also:

ECONOMY

economy of the sea. If in their relation to See also:

fish it must be admitted that many of them See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague the living and devour the dead, in return the fish feed rapaciously upon them.

Among the most curious of recent discoveries is that See also:

RELATING

relating to some of the parasitic Cymothoidae, as to which Bullar has shown that the same individual can be developed first as a male and then as a female. Of lately discovered species the most striking is one of the deep-sea Cirolanidae, Bathynomus giganteus, A. M. Edwards (1879), which is unique in having supplementary ramified branchiae developed at the bases of the pleopods. Its eyes are said to contain nearly 4000 facets.. The See also:

animal attains what in this order is the monstrous See also:

SIZE

size of 9 in. by 4. A general uniformity of the trunk-limbs in Isopoda justifies the ordinal name, but the valviferous Astacillidae, and among the Asellota the Munnopsidae, offer some remarkable exceptions to this characteristic. Amongmany essential See also:

WORKS

works on this group may be named the Monogr, Cymothoarum of Schiodte and Meinert (1879–1883) ; " Challenger " Report, Beddard (1884–1886) ; Cirolanidae, H. J. Hansen (189o) ; Isopoda Terrestria, Budde-See also:

Lund (1885); Bopyridae, See also:

BONNIER, ANGE ELISABETH LOUIS ANTOINE (1749-1799)

Bonnier (1900); Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii. (Isopoda), Sars (1896--1899), while their multitude precludes See also:

SPECIFICATION (from Med. Lat. specificatio, specificare, to enumerate or mention in detail)

specification of important contributions by See also:

Benedict, Bovallius, Chilton, Dohrn, Dollfus, Fraisse, Giard and Bonnier, Harger, Haswell, Kossmann, Miers, M'Murrich, Norman, Harriet See also:

Richardson, Ohlin, See also:

STUDER, BERNHARD (1794-1887)

Studer, G. M.

Thomson, A. O. See also:

Walker, Max See also:

Weber and many others. 7. AMPHIPODA.—As in the genuine Isopoda, the eyes of Amphipoda are always sessile, and generally paired, and, in contrast to crabs and lobsters, these two groups have only four pairs of mouth-organs instead of six, but seven pairs of trunk-legs instead of five. From the above-named isopods the present order is strongly differentiated by having heart and breathing organs not in the pleon, but in the peraeon, or middle body, the more or less simple branchial vesicles being attached to some or all of the last six pairs of trunk-legs. Normally the pleon carries six pairs of two branched append-ages, of which the first three are much articulated flexible swimming feet, the last three few-jointed comparatively indurated uropods. There are three tribes, Gammaridea, Caprellidea, Hyperiidea. The middle one contains but two families, the cylindrical and often thread-like See also:

SKELETON

skeleton shrimps, Caprellidae, and their near See also:

COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins, the broad, flattened, so-called See also:

WHALE

whale-lice, Cyamidae. This tribe has the pleon dwindled into insignificance, whereas in the other two tribes it is powerfully developed. The Hyperiidea are distinguished by having their maxillipeds never more than three-jointed. In the See also:

COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion tribes these appendages have normally seven joints, and always more than three.

The order thus sharply divided is united by an intimate interlacing of characters, and forms a compact whole at present defying intrusion from any other crustacean group. Since 1775, when J. C. Fabricius instituted the genus Gammarus for five species, of which only three were amphipods, while he left five other amphipods in the genus Oniscus, from this See also:

TOTAL

total of eight science has developed the order, at first very slowly, but of See also:

LATE

late by great leaps and See also:

BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds, so that now the Gammaridea alone comprise more than 13oo species, distributed among some 300 genera and 39 families. They burrow in the sands of every See also:

SHORE

shore; they throng the weeds between tide-marks; they ascend all streams; they are found in deep See also:

wells; in caverns, in lakes; in Arctic waters they swarm in See also:

numbers beyond computation; they find lodgings on crabs, on turtles, on See also:

WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed-grown buoys; they descend into depths of the ocean down to hundreds or thousands of fathoms; they are found in See also:

mountain streams as far above sea-level as some of their congeners live below it. The Talitridae, better known as sandhoppers; can forgo the briny shore and content themselves with the See also:

DAMP

damp foliage of inland forests or casual humidity in the See also:

CRATER

crater of an See also:

EXTINCT

extinct See also:

VOLCANO

volcano. Over the ocean See also:

SURFACE

surface, as well as at various depths, See also:

FLOAT (in O. Eng. floc and flota, in the verbal form f eotan; the Teutonic root is flut-, another form of flu-, seen in " flow," cf. " fleet "; the root is seen in Gr. a-M e, to sail, Lat. pluere, to rain; the Lat, fluere and fluctus, wave, is not connect

float and swim innumerable Hyperiidea—the wonderful Phronima, See also:

glass-like in its glassy See also:

BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel hollowed out of some Tunicate; the Cystisoma, 4 or 5 in. long, with its eye-covered head; the Rhabdosoma, like a thin See also:

rod of glass, with See also:

NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle-like head and tail, large eyes, but limbs and mouth-organs all in miniature, and the second antennae of the male folding up like a See also:

carpenter's rule (fig. 4). On jelly-fishes are to be found species of Hyperia and their kindred, so See also:

FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat and wholesome that they have been commended to shipwrecked men in open boats as an easily procurable resource against See also:

STARVATION

starvation. Many of the Amphipoda are extremely voracious. Some of them are even cannibals. The Cyamid afflict the See also:

GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant whale by nibbling away its skin; the Chelura terebrans is destructive to submerged timber.

But, on the other See also:

hand, they largely help to clear the sea and other waters of refuse and carrion, and for fishes, See also:

SEALS

seals and whales they are food desirable and often astoundingly copious. From the little See also:

FLEA (O. Eng. fleah, or flea, cognate with flee, to run away from, to take flight)

flea-like species, scarcely a tenth of an inch long, up to the great and rare but cosmopolitan Eurythenes gryllus, Lichtenstein, and the still larger Alicella gigantea, Chevreux, nearly half a foot long, captured by the See also:

prince of See also:

MONACO

Monaco from a depth of 2936 fathoms, not one of these ubiquitous, uncountable hordes has ever been accused of assailing See also:

man. For the naturalist they have the recommendation that many are easy to obtain, that most, apart from the very See also:

minute, are easy to handle, and that all, except as to the fleeting colours, are easy to preserve. A nearly complete bibliography of the order down to 1888 will be found in the " Challenger " Reports, vol. See also:

XXVIII

xxviii., and supplementary notices in Della See also:

VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle's Monograph of the Gammaritzi (1893), the See also:

SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of his See also:

WORK

work, however, not covering the Hyperiidea and Oxycephalidae of Bovallius (1889, 1890) ; but since these See also:

DATES

dates very numerous additions to the literature have been made by Birula, Bonnier, Norman, Walker and others, especially the Crustacea of Norway, vol. i. (Amphipoda), Sars (1890--1895), demanding See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and the quite recent Amphipoda of the Hirondelle, Chevreux (1900), and Hyperiidea of the Plankton-Expedition, Vosseler (1901). (T. R. R.

End of Article: MALACOSTRACA

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
MALACODERMATA

[next]
MALAGA