Online Encyclopedia

Henbane. Contracted form, Erodium, Alchemilla arvensis. Biparous Cyme (Dichotomous),including 3-5-chotomous Cymes (Dichasium, Cymose Umbel, Anthela). a. Elongated form, Cerastium, Stellaria. b. Contracted form (Verticillaster), Dead-See also:

NETTLE (0. Eng. netele, cf. Ger. Nessel)

nettle, Pelargonium. 3. Compound Definite Inflorescence. Streptocarpus See also:

POLYANTHUS

polyanthus, many Calceolarias. C. Mixed Inflorescence.

Raceme of Scorpioid Cymes, See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse-See also:

CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut. Scorpioid Cyme of Capitula, Vernonia scorpioides. Compound Umbel of Dichotomous Cymes,See also:

LAURUSTINUS

Laurustinus. Capitulum of contracted Scorpioid Cymes (Glomerulus), See also:

Sea-See also:

PINK

pink. The See also:

flower consists of the floral See also:

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis bearing the sporophylls (stamens and carpels), usually with certain protective envelopes. The axis is usually very much contracted, no inter- nodes being devel- oped, and the portion bearing the floral leaves, termed the thalamus or See also:

TORUS

torus, frequently expands into a conical, flattened or hollowed expansion; at other times, though rarely, the inter- nodes are See also:

DEVELOPED

developed and it is elongated. Upon this torus the parts of the flower are arranged in a crowded manner, usually forming a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of verticils, the parts of which alternate; but they are sometimes arranged spirally especially if the floral axis be elongated. In a typical flower, as in fig. 22, we recognize four distinct whorls of leaves: an See also:

OUTER

outer whorl, the calyx of sepals; within it, another whorl, the parts alternating with those of the outer whorl, the corolla of petals; next a whorl of parts alternating with the parts of the corolla, the androecium of stamens; and in the centre the gynoecium of carpels. Fig. 23 is a diagrammatic See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation of the arrangement of the parts of such a flower; it is known as a floral See also:

DIAGRAM

diagram. The flower is supposed to be cut transversely, and the parts of each whorl are distinguished by a different See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol.

Of these whorls the two See also:

INTERNAL

internal, forming the sporo- phylls, constitute the essential See also:

ORGANS

organs of See also:

REPRODUCTION

reproduction; the two outer whorls are the protective coverings or floral envelopes. The sepals are generally of a greenish See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour; their See also:

FUNCTION

function is mainly protective, shielding the more delicate internal organs before the flower opens. The petals a-e usually showy, and normally alternate with the sepals. Some- times, as usually in monocoty- ledons, the calyx and corolla are similar; in such cases the See also:

TERM

term perianth, or perigone, is applied. Thus, in the tulip, See also:

CROCUS

crocus, See also:

LILY

lily, hyacinth, we speak of the parts of the perianth, in See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of calyx and corolla, although in these See also:

PLANTS

plants there is an outer whorl (calyx), of three parts, and an inner (corolla), of a similar number, alternating with them. When the parts of the calyx are in See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance like petals they are said to be petaloid, as in See also:

LILIACEAE

Liliaceae. In some cases the petals have the appearance of sepals, then they are sepaloid, as in See also:

JUNCACEAE (rush family)

Juncaceae. In plants, as Nymphaea See also:

ALBA

alba, where a spiral arrangement of the floral leaves occurs, it is not easy to say where the calyx ends and the corolla begins, as these two whorls pass insensibly into each other. When both calyx and corolla are See also:

PRESENT

present, the plants are dichlamydeous; when one only is present, the flower is termed monochlamydeous or apetalous, having no petals (fig. 24). Sometimes both are absent, when the flower is achlamydeous, or naked, as in willow. The outermost series of the essential organs, collectively termed the androecium, is composed of the microsporophylls known as the staminal leaves or stamens.

In their most differentiated form each consists of a stalk, the filament (fig. 25, f), supporting at its See also:

SUMMIT

summit the anther (a), consisting of the See also:

POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen-sacs which contain the powdery pollen (p), the microspores, which is ultimately discharged therefrom. The gynoecium or See also:

PISTIL

pistil is the central portion of the flower, terminating the floral axis. It consists of one or more carpels (megasporophylls), either See also:

SEPARATE

separate (fig. 22, c) or combined (fig. 24). The parts distinguished in the pistil, are the ovary (fig. 26, o), which is the See also:

LOWER

lower portion enclosing the ovules destined to become seeds, and the stigma (g), a portion of loose cellular See also:

TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue, the receptive See also:

SURFACE

surface on which the pollen is deposited, which is either sessile on the See also:

APEX

apex of the ovary, as in the See also:

POPPY

poppy, or is separated from it by a prolonged portion called the See also:

style (s). The androecium and gynoecium are not present in all flowers. When both are present the flower is hermaphrodite; and in descriptive See also:

BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany such a flower is indicated by the symbol . When only one of those organs is present the flower is unisexual or diclinous, and is either male (staminate),6, or See also:

FEMALE

female (pistillate), ~. A flower then normally consists of the four series of leaves—calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium—and when these are all present the flower is See also:

COMPLETE

complete.

These are usually densely crowded upon the thalamus, but in some instances, after apical growth has ceased in the axis, an See also:

ELONGATION

elongation of portions of 'the receptacle by See also:

INTERCALARY (from Lat. intercalare, to proclaim, calare, the insertion of a day in the calendar)

intercalary growth occurs, by which changes in the position of the parts may be brought about. Thus in Lychnis an elongation of the axis betwixt the calyx and the corolla takes place, and in this way they are separated by an See also:

INTERVAL

intervaL Again, in the See also:

PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion-flower (Passiflora) the stamens are separated from the corolla by an elongated portion of the axis, which has consequently been termed the androphore, and in Passiflora also, fraxinella (fig. 27), Capparidaceae, and some other plants, the ovary is raised upon a distinct stalk termed the gynophore; it is thus separated from the stamens, and is said to be stipitate. Usually the successive whorls of the flower, disposed from below upwards or from without in-wards upon the floral axis, are of the same number of parts, or are a multiple of the same number of parts, those of one whorl alternating with those of the whorls next it. In the more See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive types of flowers the torus is more or less See also:

CONVEX

convex, and the series of organs follow in See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, culminating in the carpels, in the formation of which the growth of the axis is closed (fig. 28). This arrangement is known as hypogynous, the other series (calyx, corolla and stamens) beirg beneath (hypo-) the gynoecium. In other cases, the apex of the growing point ceases to develop, and the parts below form a See also:

CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup around it, from the rim of which the outer members of the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

Power are developed around (See also:

PERI, JACOPO (1561–16 ?)

peri-) the carpels, which are formed from the apex of the growing-point at the bottom of the cup. This arrangement is known as perigynous (fig. 29). In many cases this is carried farther and a cavity is formed which is roofed over The flower. and pistil of Fraxinella (Dictamnus Fraxinella).

The pistil consists of several carpels, which are elevated on a stalk or gynophore prolonged from the receptacle. by the carpels, so that the outer members of the flower See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from the edge of the receptacle which is immediately above the ovary (epigynous), hence the term epigyny (fig. 30).

End of Article: TABULAR VIEW OF

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
TABULAR

[next]
TABULARIUM (tabula, board, picture, also archives, ...