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TRUCE OF See also:GOD , an See also:attempt of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church in the See also:middle ages to alleviate the evils of private warfare. Throughout the 9th and loth centuries, as the See also:life-benefices of the later Carolingian See also:kings were gradually transformed into hereditary fiefs, the insecurity of life and See also:property increased, for there was no central See also:power to curb the warring See also:local magnates. The two See also:measures which were adopted by the Church to remedy these conditions—the See also:pax ecclesiae or Dei and the'treuga or tre.va Dei—are usually both referred to as the Truce of God, but they are distinct in See also:character. The latter was a development of the former.
The pax ecclesiae is first heard of in the See also:year 990 at three synods held in different parts of See also:southern and central See also:France—at Charroux, See also:Narbonne and See also:Puy. It enlisted the immediate support of the See also:regular See also:clergy, particularly the vigorous See also:congregation of See also:Cluny, and of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William V. of See also:Aquitaine, the most powerful See also:lord of southern France, who urged its See also:adoption at the See also:Councils of See also:Limoges (994) and See also:Poitiers (999). The See also:peace decrees of these various synods differed considerably in detail, but in See also:general they were intended fully to protect non-combatants; they forbade, under See also:pain of See also:excommunication, every See also:act of private warfare or violence against ecclesiastical buildings and their environs, and against certain persons, such as clerics, pilgrims, merchants, See also:women and peasants, and against See also:cattle and agricultural implements. With the opening of the 11th See also:century, the pax ecclesiae spread over See also:northern France and See also:Burgundy, and diocesan leagues began to be organized for its See also:maintenance. The See also:bishop, or See also:count, on whose lands the peace was violated was vested with judicial power, and was directed, in See also:case he was himself unable to execute See also:sentence, to summon to his assistance the laymen and even the clerics of the See also:diocese, all of whom were required to take a See also:solemn See also:oath to observe and enforce the peace. At the See also:Council of See also:Bourges (1038), the See also:archbishop decreed that every See also:Christian fifteen years and over should take such an oath and enter the diocesan See also:militia.
End of Article: TRUCE OF GOD
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